Apis cerana

Beeswax/Drug Interactions:

  • AntibioticsAntibiotics: Based on in vitro evidence, honey, beeswax, and olive oil in a 1:1:1 v/v mixture may inhibit the growth of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (22). The effect of beeswax alone, however, is unclear.
  • AntihypertensivesAntihypertensives: Based on clinical research, one patient was discontinued from a study due to mildly uncontrolled hypertension in the treatment group (piroxicam and 40mg daily of D-002, a constituent of beeswax) (1). One case of mildly uncontrolled hypertension also occurred in the placebo group (piroxicam alone). The effect of D-002 alone in causing this effect is unclear.
  • Anti-inflammatory agentsAnti-inflammatory agents: Based on secondary sources, D-002, a constituent of beeswax, inhibits leukotriene synthesis, which provides a mild-to-moderate anti-inflammatory property without gastrointestinal side effects.
  • AntifungalsAntifungals: Based on clinical evidence, a mixture of honey, olive oil, and beeswax may be effective in the treatment of skin fungal infections (23), while based on in vitro evidence, the mixture inhibited the growth of the bacterium Candida albicans (22). The effect of beeswax alone, however, is unclear.
  • AntilipemicsAntilipemics: According to lab study (13) and a review (14), very-long-chain fatty alcohols obtained from beeswax may lower plasma cholesterol in humans and also alter low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake and metabolism.
  • Gastrointestinal agentsGastrointestinal agents: Based on clinical evidence, D-002, a constituent of beeswax, may be a useful treatment option for alleviating gastric adverse effects (e.g., heartburn, nausea, abdominal pain, and ulcers) in patients taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (1). Based on secondary sources, D-002 may exhibit antiulcer effects and has similar efficacy when compared to the histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonist cimetidine.

    • Beeswax/Herb/Supplement Interactions:

  • AntibacterialsAntibacterials: Based on in vitro evidence, honey, beeswax and olive oil in a 1:1:1 v/v mixture may inhibit the growth of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (22). The effect of beeswax alone, however, is unclear.
  • AntifungalsAntifungals: Based on clinical evidence, a mixture of honey, olive oil, and beeswax may be effective in the treatment of skin fungal infections (23). The effect of beeswax alone, however, is unclear.
  • Anti-inflammatory herbs and supplementsAnti-inflammatory herbs and supplements: Based on secondary sources, D-002, a constituent of beeswax, inhibited leukotriene synthesis, which provides a mild-to-moderate anti-inflammatory property without gastrointestinal side effects.
  • AntilipemicsAntilipemics: According to lab study (13) and a review (14), very-long-chain fatty alcohols obtained from beeswax may lower plasma cholesterol in humans and also alter LDL uptake and metabolism.
  • AntioxidantsAntioxidants: Based on clinical evidence, D-002 increased lag phase and prolonged lag time before the onset of conjugated diene formation, decreased TBARS, and increased plasma total antioxidant status (24).
  • Gastrointestinal herbs and supplementsGastrointestinal herbs and supplements: Based on clinical evidence, D-002, a constituent of beeswax, may be a useful treatment option for alleviating gastric adverse effects in patients taking NSAIDs (1). Based on secondary sources, D-002 may exhibit antiulcer effects and has similar efficacy when compared to the H2 receptor antagonist cimetidine.
  • HypotensivesHypotensives: Based on clinical research, one patient was discontinued from a study due to mildly uncontrolled hypertension in the treatment group (piroxicam and 40mg daily D-002, a constituent of beeswax) (1). One case of mildly uncontrolled hypertension also occurred in the placebo group (piroxicam alone). The effect of D-002 alone in causing this effect is unclear.

    • Beeswax/Food Interactions:

  • Insufficient available evidence.

    • Beeswax/Lab Interactions:

  • Blood pressureBlood pressure: Based on clinical research, one patient was discontinued from a study due to mildly uncontrolled hypertension in the treatment group (piroxicam and 40mg daily of D-002, a constituent of beeswax) (1). One case of mildly uncontrolled hypertension also occurred in the placebo group (piroxicam alone). The effect of D-002 alone in causing this effect is unclear.
  • Lipid panelLipid panel: According to lab study (13) and a review (14), very-long-chain fatty alcohols obtained from beeswax may lower plasma cholesterol in humans and also alter LDL uptake and metabolism.