Cape jasmine
Gardenia/Drug Interactions:
AntibioticsAntibiotics: According to in vitro studies, gardenia may have antibiotic properties. One in vitro study reported that extracts from the twigs and bark of Gardenia volkensii had antibiotic properties against Salmonella spp. (38). Another in vitro study reported that a mixture of six plants, consisting of Gardenia ternifolia, Swartzia madagascariensis, Isoberlinia doka, Annona senegalensis, Terminalia glaucescens, and Erythrina senegalensis, exhibited biological activity against Bacillus cereus, Mycobacterium fortuitum, and Staphylococcus aureus (15). The effect of Gardenia ternifolia alone cannot be determined from this study. AntidiabeticsAntidiabetics: Historically, pods of Gardenia jasminoides have been used to treat type 2 diabetes (24). In animal research, gardenia has been reported to have hypoglycemic properties (30). In animal research, crocetinon, a constituent of gardenia, displayed protective effects against dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance in a rat model (30). AntifungalsAntifungals: In an in vitro study, a mixture of six plants, consisting of Gardenia ternifolia, Swartzia madagascariensis, Isoberlinia doka, Annona senegalensis, Terminalia glaucescens, and Erythrina senegalensis was reported to have biological activity against Candida albicans (15). Anti-inflammatories.Anti-inflammatories: In animal research, an extract from gardenia fruit that contained geniposide and genipin displayed anti-inflammatory activities in carrageenan-induced paw edema (17; 14). AntilipemicsAntilipemics An in vitro study using Oren-gedoku-to (OGT), a Japanese-Chinese traditional herbal medicinal mixture, which contains Scutellaria baicalensis, Coptis japonica, Gardenia jasminoides, and Phellodendron amurense, evaluated lipid biosynthesis in cultured human hepatocyte HepG2 cells (3). These results strongly suggested that OGT reduced the cholesteryl ester formation in human hepatocytes by inhibiting acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity. In a mouse study, treatment with a glycoprotein isolated from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (GJE glycoprotein; 80mg/kg) lowered the levels of plasma lipoproteins (triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein) (39). AntimalarialsAntimalarials: In laboratory research, plant extracts from Gardenia lutea were reported to have antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 (chloroquine sensitive) and Dd2 (chloroquine resistant and pyrimethamine sensitive) (18). AntineoplasticsAntineoplastics: In animal research, a derivative from Gardenia fructus, penta-acetyl geniposide ((Ac)5GP), displayed antitumor activity against C6 glioma cells (12). Treatment with (Ac)5GP caused DNA fragmentation in glioma cells. An in vitro study reported that long-dan-tan (Chinese name) may be beneficial in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (2). Long-dan-tan is made from gardenia fruit and four other plants (gentiana root, scutellaria root, alisma rhizome, and bupleurum root). The effect of gardenia alone cannot be determined from this study. AntiretroviralsAntiretrovirals: In in vitro research, vanillic acid and quinic acid derivatives, isolated from Gardeniae fructus, displayed antiretroviral activity (40). AntiviralsAntivirals: In animal research, gardenia extract displayed inhibitory activity against pneumonia induced by six different types of influenza virus (20). Central nervous system (CNS) depressantsCentral nervous system (CNS) depressants: In animal research, Unmadnashak Ghrita, an Ayurvedic formulation containing Ferula narthex (6g), Gardenia gummifera (6g), Elettaria cardamom (6g), Bacopa monneri (6g), and cow's ghee, displayed CNS-depressant effects and prevented electroshock- and pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures (5). The effect of gardenia alone cannot be determined from this study, ImmunosuppressantsImmunosuppressants: In in vitro research, iridoids isolated from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides exhibited immunosuppressive activities (31). LaxativesLaxatives: In animal research, oral ingestion of geniposide (I), an iridoid glucoside of the fruit of Gardenia spp., induced a laxative effect (36). Gardenia/Herb/Supplement Interactions:
AntibacterialsAntibacterials: According to in vitro studies, gardenia may have antibiotic properties. One in vitro study reported that extracts from the twigs and bark of Gardenia volkensii had antibiotic properties against Salmonella spp. (38). Another in vitro study reported that a mixture of six plants, consisting of Gardenia ternifolia, Swartzia madagascariensis, Isoberlinia doka, Annona senegalensis, Terminalia glaucescens, and Erythrina senegalensis, exhibited biological activity against Bacillus cereus, Mycobacterium fortuitum, and Staphylococcus aureus (15). The effect of Gardenia ternifolia alone cannot be determined from this study. AntifungalsAntifungals: In an in vitro study, a mixture of six plants, consisting of Gardenia ternifolia, Swartzia madagascariensis, Isoberlinia doka, Annona senegalensis, Terminalia glaucescens, and Erythrina senegalensis, was reported to have biological activity against Candida albicans (15). Anti-inflammatoriesAnti-inflammatories: In animal research, an extract from gardenia fruit that contained geniposide and genipin displayed anti-inflammatory activities in carrageenan-induced paw edema (17; 14). AntilipemicsAntilipemics: An in vitro study using Oren-gedoku-to (OGT), a Japanese-Chinese traditional herbal medicinal mixture (containing Scutellaria baicalensis, Coptis japonica, Gardenia jasminoides, and Phellodendron amurense) evaluated lipid biosynthesis in cultured human hepatocyte HepG2 cells (3). These results strongly suggested that OGT reduced the cholesteryl ester formation in human hepatocytes by inhibiting acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity. In a mouse study, treatment with a glycoprotein isolated from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (GJE glycoprotein; 80mg/kg) lowered the levels of plasma lipoproteins (triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein) (39). AntineoplasticsAntineoplastics: In animal research, a derivative from Gardenia fructus, penta-acetyl geniposide ((Ac)5GP), displayed antitumor activity against C6 glioma cells (12). Treatment with (Ac)5GP caused DNA fragmentation in glioma cells. An in vitro study reported that long-dan-tan (Chinese name) may be beneficial in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (2). Long-dan-tan is made from gardenia fruit and four other plants (gentiana root, scutellaria root, alisma rhizome, and bupleurum root). The effect of gardenia alone cannot be determined from this study. AntioxidantsAntioxidants: In in vitro research, vanillic acid and quinic acid derivatives, isolated from Gardeniae fructus, displayed antioxidant activity (40). Other in vitro research reported glycoprotein isolated from GJE fruit to be a natural antioxidant (29). AntiparasiticsAntiparasitics: In laboratory research, plant extracts from Gardenia lutea were reported to have antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 (chloroquine sensitive) and Dd2 (chloroquine resistant and pyrimethamine sensitive) (18). AntiviralsAntivirals: In animal research, gardenia extract displayed inhibitory activity against pneumonia induced by six different types of influenza virus (20). In in vitro research, vanillic acid and quinic acid derivatives, isolated from Gardeniae fructus, displayed antiretroviral activity (40). HypoglycemicsHypoglycemics: Historically, pods of Gardenia jasminoides have been used to treat type 2 diabetes (24). In animal studies, gardenia has been reported to have hypoglycemic properties (30). In animal research, crocetinon, a constituent of gardenia, displayed protective effects against dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance in a rat model (30). ImmunomodulatorsImmunomodulators: According to an in vitro study of iridoids isolated from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides, which reported that they exhibited immunosuppressive activities (31), gardenia might potentiate the effect of immunosuppressive agents. LaxativesLaxatives: In animal research, oral ingestion of geniposide (I), an iridoid glucoside of the fruit of Gardenia spp., induced a laxative effect (36). SedativesSedatives: In animal research, Unmadnashak Ghrita, an Ayurvedic formulation containing Ferula narthex (6g), Gardenia gummifera (6g), Elettaria cardamom (6g), Bacopa monneri (6g), and cow's ghee, displayed CNS-depressant effects and prevented electroshock- and pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures (5). The effect of gardenia alone cannot be determined from this study. Gardenia/Food Interactions:
Insufficient available data.Gardenia/Lab Interactions:
Blood glucoseBlood glucose: Historically, pods of Gardenia jasminoides have been used to treat type 2 diabetes (24). In animal studies, gardenia has been reported to have hypoglycemic properties (30). Lipid profileLipid profile: In a mouse study, treatment with a glycoprotein isolated from GJE glycoprotein (80mg/kg) lowered the levels of plasma lipoproteins (triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein) (39). Liver function testsLiver function tests: In animal research, a glycoprotein isolated from GJE glycoprotein exhibited hepatoprotective effects (39). A rat study found that Yin zhi huang (YZH; a decoction of four plants (artemisia, gardenia, rheum, and Scutellaria baicalensis)) induced delta-5-3-ketosteroid isomerase activity, a marker for the Ya subunit of glutathione-S-transferase (GSHT) responsible for intracellular bilirubin transport in the liver (8). The effect of gardenia alone cannot be determined from this study.