Monterey pine
Pinus radiata/Drug Interactions:
AntihypertensivesAntihypertensives: In human research, a significant reduction in mean systolic blood pressure with no change in diastolic blood pressure has been reported following administration of Pinus radiata extract (5). Other studies have reported no significant changes in systolic or diastolic blood pressure measures, although a trend of reduced systolic blood pressure was observed (4; 3). Theoretically, concurrent use of Pinus radiata and antihypertensives may cause additive effects and increase the risk of hypotension. Anti-inflammatory agentsAnti-inflammatory agents: In human research, Enzogenol? and vitamin C resulted in a reduction in levels of the plasma inflammatory marker fibrinogen in heavy smokers (>33 pack years) compared with vitamin C alone (p<0.009), although no change was observed in light smokers (<33 pack years) (3). Theoretically, concurrent use of Pinus radiata and anti-inflammatory agents may cause additive effects. Antilipemic agentsAntilipemic agents: In human research, small, but clinically significant, increases in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels (with no changes in oxidized low-density lipoproteins) have been noted following supplementation with Enzogenol? and vitamin C (3). Theoretically, Pinus radiata may interfere with the effects of antilipemic agents. Antiobesity agentsAntiobesity agents: In human research, body weight and percentage body fat have alternately been reported as unchanged (3) and decreased in both mean body mass index (1.5%) and mean percentage body fat (5.2%) following supplementation with Enzogenol? and vitamin C (5). Theoretically, concurrent use of Pinus radiata and antiobesity agents may cause additive effects. Pinus radiata/Herb/Supplement Interactions:
Anti-inflammatory herbsAnti-inflammatory herbs: In human research, Enzogenol? and vitamin C resulted in a reduction in levels of the plasma inflammatory marker fibrinogen in heavy smokers (>33 pack years) compared with vitamin C alone (p<0.009), although no change was observed in light smokers (<33 pack years) (3). Theoretically, concurrent use of Pinus radiata and anti-inflammatory agents may cause additive effects. AntilipemicsAntilipemics: In human research, small, but clinically significant, increases in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels (with no changes in oxidized low-density lipoproteins) have been noted following supplementation with Enzogenol? and vitamin C (3). Theoretically, Pinus radiata may interfere with the effects of antilipemic agents. Antiobesity herbs and supplementsAntiobesity herbs and supplements: In human research, body weight and percentage body fat has alternately been reported as unchanged (3) and decreased in both mean body mass index (1.5%) and mean percentage body fat (5.2%) following supplementation with Enzogenol? and vitamin C (5). Theoretically, concurrent use of Pinus radiata and antiobesity agents may cause additive effects. AntioxidantsAntioxidants: Pinus radiata extract has been demonstrated to have antioxidant activity and may have an additive effect on antioxidant drugs. One small, uncontrolled pilot study showed that a formulation containing Pinus radiata and vitamin C exhibited antioxidant effects by reducing protein and DNA oxidation, with reportedly decreased protein carbonyl concentrations (7). Enzogenol? had a high oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) (7).HypotensivesHypotensives: In human research, a significant reduction in mean systolic blood pressure with no change in diastolic blood pressure has been reported following administration of Pinus radiata extract (5). Other studies have reported no significant changes in systolic or diastolic blood pressure measures, although a trend of reduced systolic blood pressure was observed (4; 3). Theoretically, concurrent use of Pinus radiata and antihypertensives may cause additive effects and increase the risk of hypotension. Pinus radiata/Food Interactions:
Insufficient available evidence.Pinus radiata/Lab Interactions:
BilirubinBilirubin: In humans, supplementation with Enzogenol? and vitamin C has been associated with a small decrease in bilirubin (5). Blood flowBlood flow: In humans, supplementation with Enzogenol? and vitamin C has been associated with an increase in basal and hyperemic blood flow in forearm resistance vessels, as measured by plethysmography (5). Blood pressureBlood pressure: In human research, a significant reduction in mean systolic blood pressure with no change in diastolic blood pressure has been reported following administration of Pinus radiata extract (5). Other studies have reported no significant changes in systolic or diastolic blood pressure measures, although a trend of reduced systolic blood pressure was observed (4; 3). Flow-mediated dilationFlow-mediated dilation: In humans, supplementation with Enzogenol? and vitamin C has been associated with an improvement in endothelial function as determined by flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery (3). Lipid profileLipid profile: In human research, small, but clinically significant, increases in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels (with no changes in oxidized low-density lipoproteins) have been noted following supplementation with Enzogenol? and vitamin C (3). Plasma fibrinogenPlasma fibrinogen: In human research, supplementation with Enzogenol? and vitamin C resulted in a significant reduction in levels of the plasma inflammatory marker fibrinogen levels in heavy smokers (>33 pack years) compared with vitamin C alone (p<0.009), although no change was observed in light smokers (<33 pack years) (3). In clinical research, no significant change was observed (5). Plasma protein (albumin)Plasma protein (albumin): In human research, supplementation with Enzogenol? and vitamin C precipitated a significant decrease in mean plasma total protein and albumin concentrations in conjunction with a trend of decreasing mean total globulin concentration (3). Small decreases in mean plasma albumin, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were also observed. In other research, no significant changes were found in plasma total protein or any of the individual protein fractions, total globulins, or fibrinogen (5). Plasma viscosityPlasma viscosity: In human research, supplementation with Enzogenol? and vitamin C has been alternately observed to decrease plasma viscosity levels (5) and have no effect (3). Protein oxidative damageProtein oxidative damage: In clinical research, a group receiving Enzogenol? and vitamin C experienced a significant reduction in protein carbonyl levels (by ~18% at week 6 and ~32% at week 12), a marker of protein oxidative damage, compared to a group taking vitamin C alone (3).