Pantethine
Pantethine/Drug Interactions:
AlcoholAlcohol: In human research, pantethine resulted in decreased blood acetaldehyde levels following alcohol ingestion in subjects who did not respond to pantethine by flushing (54). AnticoagulantsAnticoagulants: In human research, pantethine decreased platelet aggregation (33; 34). AntilipemicsAntilipemics: In human research, pantethine decreased levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, and increased levels of HDL cholesterol (42; 29; 37; 36; 45; 46; 32; 41; 44; 33; 27). In animal research, combined probucol and pantethine treatment was shown to cause additive lipid-lowering effects (55). AntiparasiticsAntiparasitics: In animal research, pantethine prevented the cerebral syndrome in Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected mice (8). In animal research, although cysteamine inhibited Plasmodium chabaudi, pantethine (the precursor of cysteamine) did not (56). Cardiovascular agentsCardiovascular agents: In a systematic review, side effects of pantethine included palpitations in one patient (27).DiureticsDiuretics: According to a systematic review, side effects included increased urination (N=1) (27).Gastrointestinal agentsGastrointestinal agents: Gastric discomfort has been reported in clinical trials (36; 35; 37; 27). In a clinical trial, gastrointestinal adverse effects included bloating, heartburn, nausea, loose stools, and upset stomach (47). In a systematic review, side effects included heartburn and nausea and vomiting (27). Hormonal agentsHormonal agents: In human research, pantethine buffered the increase in 24-hour urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroids stimulated by a loading dose of adrenocorticotropic hormone (2). The effect of pantethine on adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, prolactin, and somatotropic hormone were investigated in human research (57). Further details are not available at this time. In animal research, pantethine decreased oxytocin and vasopressin levels in the posterior pituitary and hypothalamus (58) and decreased the concentration of somatostatin and prolactin in various tissues (3; 59). LaxativesLaxatives: Preliminary research suggests that magnesium oxide, in combination with pantethine, was the most frequently prescribed laxative for patients with opioid-induced constipation (60). Neurologic agentsNeurologic agents: In animal research (Drosophila), pantethine partially rescued the decreased protein acetylation associated pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration, resulting in improved coenzyme A metabolism (16). In a similar study by the same group, pantethine restored coenzyme A levels, improved mitochondrial function, rescued brain degeneration, enhanced locomotor abilities, and increased life span (61). Ophthalmic agentsOphthalmic agents: In animal research, pantethine inhibited rat lens opacification in five cataract models (radiation, selenite, galactose, streptozotocin, and Royal College of Surgeons) (62). However, in animal research, the effect of pantethine on UVB-induced cataract development was investigated, but the use of the radiation did not induce the level of cataract anticipated; mortality increased in the UVB-treated animals, with or without pantethine, compared with untreated (radiation and pantethine) animals (52). Also, in an animal diabetic model, pantethine was used as a negative control to examine the effects of antioxidants for cataract formation (14). Other authors have investigated the effect of pantethine in animal cataract models, but details are limited at this time (63). Pantethine/Herb/Supplement Interactions:
AnticoagulantsAnticoagulants: In human research, pantethine decreased platelet aggregation (33; 34). AntilipemicsAntilipemics: In human research, pantethine decreased levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, and increased levels of HDL cholesterol (42; 29; 37; 36; 45; 46; 32; 41; 44; 33; 27). In animal research, combined probucol and pantethine treatment was shown to cause additive lipid-lowering effects (55). AntiparasiticsAntiparasitics: In animal research, pantethine prevented the cerebral syndrome in Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected mice (8). In animal research, although cysteamine inhibited Plasmodium chabaudi, pantethine (the precursor of cysteamine) did not (56). Cardiovascular agentsCardiovascular agents: In a systematic review, side effects of pantethine included palpitations in one patient (27).DiureticsDiuretics: In a systematic review, side effects included increased urination (N=1) (27).Fatty acidsFatty acids: In human research, pantethine modified the fatty acid and lipid composition of plasma and platelets, resulting in increased omega-3 fatty acids and decreased arachidonic acid and some saturated fatty acids, as well as decreased levels of total cholesterol and phospholipids (49; 64). Gastrointestinal agentsGastrointestinal agents: Gastric discomfort has been reported in clinical trials (36; 35; 37; 27). In a clinical trial, gastrointestinal adverse effects included bloating, heartburn, nausea, loose stools, and upset stomach (47). In a systematic review, side effects included heartburn and nausea and vomiting (27). Hormonal agentsHormonal agents: In human research, pantethine buffered the increase in 24-hour urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroids stimulated by a loading dose of adrenocorticotropic hormone (2). The effect of pantethine on adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, prolactin, and somatotropic hormone were investigated in human research (57). Further details are not available at this time. In animal research, pantethine decreased oxytocin and vasopressin levels in the posterior pituitary and hypothalamus (58) and decreased the concentration of somatostatin and prolactin in various tissues (3; 59). LaxativesLaxatives: Preliminary research suggests that magnesium oxide in combination with pantethine was the most frequently prescribed laxative for patients with opioid-induced constipation (60). Neurologic agentsNeurologic agents: In animal research (Drosophila), pantethine partially rescued the decreased protein acetylation associated pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration, resulting in improved coenzyme A metabolism (16). In a similar study by the same group, pantethine restored coenzyme A levels, improved mitochondrial function, rescued brain degeneration, enhanced locomotor abilities, and increased life span (61). Ophthalmic agentsOphthalmic agents: In animal research, pantethine inhibited rat lens opacification in five cataract models (radiation, selenite, galactose, streptozotocin, and Royal College of Surgeons) (62). However, in animal research, the effect of pantethine on UVB-induced cataract development was investigated, but the use of the radiation did not induce the level of cataract anticipated and mortality was increased in the UVB-treated animals, with or without pantethine, compared with untreated (radiation and pantethine) animals (52). Also, in an animal diabetic model, pantethine was used as a negative control to examine the effects of antioxidants for cataract formation (14). Other authors have investigated the effect of pantethine in animal cataract models, but details are limited at this time (63). Pantethine/Food Interactions:
Fatty acidsFatty acids: In human research, pantethine modified the fatty acid and lipid composition of plasma and platelets, resulting in increased omega-3 fatty acids and decreased arachidonic acid and some saturated fatty acids, as well as decreased levels of total cholesterol and phospholipids (49; 64). Pantethine/Lab Interactions:
Beta-thromboglobulinBeta-thromboglobulin: According to secondary sources, in human research, pantethine may decrease levels of beta-thromboglobulin.AcetaldehydeAcetaldehyde: In human research, pantethine inhibited acetylaldehyde increases following alcohol ingestion (54). Fatty acid compositionFatty acid composition: In human research, pantethine modified the fatty acid and lipid composition of plasma and platelets, resulting in increased omega-3 fatty acids and decreased arachidonic acid and some saturated fatty acids, as well as decreased levels of total cholesterol and phospholipids (49; 64). Heart rateHeart rate: In a systematic review, side effects of pantethine included palpitations in one patient (27).HomocysteineHomocysteine: Increased levels of homocysteine may negatively impact the biosynthesis of pantethine (65).HormonesHormones: In human research, pantethine buffered the increase in 24-hour urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroids stimulated by a loading dose of adrenocorticotropic hormone (2). The effect of pantethine on adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, prolactin, and somatotropic hormone were investigated in human study (57). Further details are not available at this time. In animal research, pantethine decreased oxytocin and vasopressin levels in the posterior pituitary and hypothalamus (58) and decreased the concentration of somatostatin and prolactin in various tissues (3; 59). Lipid assaysLipid assays: In human research, pantethine decreased levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein-B (apo-B), and triglycerides, and increased levels of HDL cholesterol (42; 29; 37; 36; 45; 46; 32; 41; 44; 27; 47). In human research, pantethine increased the apo A-I:A-II ratio (66). Platelet aggregationPlatelet aggregation: In human research, pantethine decreased platelet aggregation (33).