Phloridzin

Phlorizin/Drug Interactions:

  • AcetaminophenAcetaminophen: In animal research, phlorizin inhibited the glucuronidation of p-nitrophenol, acetaminophen (APAP), and 1-naphthol through hydrolyzing to phloretin, and then metabolizing to glucuronide (32).
  • Antidiabetic agentsAntidiabetic agents: Based on animal evidence, phlorizin reduced blood glucose levels (16; 17; 18; 19; 15; 20). In animal research, phlorizin caused mild hypoglycemia with hypoinsulinemia (21).
  • Antilipemic agentsAntilipemic agents: Based on in vitro evidence, phlorizin promoted lipid biosynthesis, which may be attributed to transforming the free fatty acids and oxalacetic acid to acetyl-CoA or directing the sugar breakdown toward lipid biosynthesis (22).
  • Antineoplastic agentsAntineoplastic agents: It has been suggested that phlorizin, a moderate inhibitor of concentrative nucleoside transporters, has potential as an antineoplastic agent, and thus analogs have been synthesized and evaluated (23).
  • Antiviral agentsAntiviral agents: It has been suggested that phlorizin, a moderate inhibitor of concentrative nucleoside transporters, has potential as an antiviral agent, and thus analogs have been synthesized and evaluated (23).
  • ButanediolButanediol: In animal research, butanediol plus phlorizin increased liver ketone body concentrations and caused glucosuria, ketonuria, and ketonemia (33). Phlorizin and 1,3-butanediol used in combination may be effective in the development of a ketosis model (34).
  • Cardiovascular agentsCardiovascular agents: It has been suggested that phlorizin, a moderate inhibitor of concentrative nucleoside transporters, has potential as a cardiovascular agent, and thus analogs have been synthesized and evaluated (23). Antioxidant effects have also been shown (3).
  • CetrimideCetrimide: The effect of phlorizin and cetrimide on intestinal absorption has been evaluated (35; 36). Further details are lacking.
  • CNS agentsCNS agents: In animal research, phlorizin activated gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) by depressing chloride flux (24). Phlorizin prevented lesions caused by gold thioglucose administration to the hypothalamus (14).
  • Dermatologic agentsDermatologic agents: Based on in vitro research, phlorizin may stimulate melanogenesis (thought to play a protective role against skin photocarcinogenesis) through its ability to increase tyrosinase gene expression via the cAMP signaling pathway (37).
  • Drugs used for osteoporosisDrugs used for osteoporosis: In animal studies, phlorizin consumption protected against ovariectomy-induced osteopenia by improving bone resorption under induced inflammatory conditions (38).
  • EpinephrineEpinephrine: In animal research, epinephrine was evaluated for its effect on phlorizin-induced ketosis (39). Further details are lacking.
  • EstroneEstrone: Phlorizin and insulin were evaluated for their effect on the intravaginal action of estrone (40).
  • GentamicinGentamicin: In animal research, phlorizin did not prevent gentamicin-induced acute renal failure and phlorizin alone did not result in renal dysfunction or damage (41).
  • Gold thioglucoseGold thioglucose: A study evaluated phlorizin and gold thioglucose competition for glucoreceptor cell transport mechanisms in the hypothalamus (42). Further details are lacking.
  • GlycerolGlycerol: In animal research, glycerol was evaluated for its effect on phlorizin-induced ketosis (43). Further details are lacking.
  • GlucagonGlucagon: In animal research, glucagon was evaluated for its effect on phlorizin-induced ketosis (43). Further details are lacking.
  • HeparinHeparin: In animal research, the effects of heparin and phlorizin on ketonemia were evaluated in fasted nonpregnant ewes (44). Further details are lacking.
  • HydrocortisoneHydrocortisone: In animal research, hydrocortisone was evaluated for its effect on phlorizin-induced ketosis (39). Further details are lacking.
  • InsulinInsulin: Insulin was evaluated for its effect on phlorizin-induced ketosis in an animal study (43). Further details are lacking.
  • Respiratory agentsRespiratory agents: In ex vivo research, phlorizin reduced alveolar glucose uptake without a decrease in lung ATP content (45). However, phlorizin alone did not significantly reduce alveolar fluid absorption.
  • TheophyllineTheophylline: Phlorizin, phloretin, and theophylline's effects on the transport of sugars by the choroid plexus was evaluated (46). Further details are lacking.
  • ThyroxineThyroxine: In animal research, thyroxine was evaluated for its effect on phlorizin-induced ketosis (39). Further details are lacking.

    • Phlorizin/Herb/Supplement Interactions:

  • Antilipemic herbs and supplementsAntilipemic herbs and supplements: Based on in vitro evidence, phlorizin promoted lipid biosynthesis, which may be attributed to either transforming the free fatty acids and oxalacetic acid to acetyl-CoA or directing the sugar breakdown towards lipid biosynthesis (22).
  • AntineoplasticsAntineoplastics: It has been suggested that phlorizin, a moderate inhibitor of concentrative nucleoside transporters, has potential as an antineoplastic agent, and thus analogs have been synthesized and evaluated (23).
  • AntioxidantsAntioxidants: The antioxidant potential of phlorizin derivatives has been shown in vitro (3).
  • AntiviralsAntivirals: It has been suggested that phlorizin, a moderate inhibitor of concentrative nucleoside transporters, has potential as an antiviral agent, and thus analogs have been synthesized and evaluated (23).
  • Cardiovascular herbs and supplementsCardiovascular herbs and supplements: It has been suggested that phlorizin, a moderate inhibitor of concentrative nucleoside transporters, has potential as a cardiovascular agent, and thus analogs have been synthesized and evaluated (23). Antioxidant effects have also been shown (3).
  • CNS herbs and supplementsCNS herbs and supplements: In animal research, phlorizin activated gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) by depressing chloride flux (24). Phlorizin prevented lesions caused by gold thioglucose administration of the hypothalamus (14).
  • Dermatologic herbs and supplementsDermatologic herbs and supplements: Based on in vitro research, phlorizin may stimulate melanogenesis (thought to play a protective role against skin photocarcinogenesis) through its ability to increase tyrosinase gene expression via the cAMP signaling pathway (37).
  • FlavonoidsFlavonoids: Metabolic and glucosuria studies on phlorizin and naringin have been evaluated (48). Further details are lacking. In in vitro research, lactase phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) hydrolyzed flavonoid glucosides, leading to the compounds being taken up as the free aglycone in the small intestine of rats (49).
  • GlycocollGlycocoll: Phlorizin displayed effects on the intestinal absorption of glycocoll in teleostean species (47). Further details are lacking.
  • Hypoglycemics,Hypoglycemics: Based on animal evidence, phlorizin reduced blood glucose levels (16; 17; 18; 19; 15; 20). In animal research, phlorizin caused mild hypoglycemia with hypoinsulinemia (21).
  • Indoleacetic acidIndoleacetic acid: Phloretic acid, a derivative of phlorizin, may promote indoleacetic acid oxidation (50).
  • IsoflavonesIsoflavones: In animal research, the combination of phlorizin and genistin amplified the absorption of the isoflavone genistin (51).
  • Osteoporosis herbs/supplementsOsteoporosis herbs/supplements: In animal studies, phlorizin consumption protected against ovariectomy-induced osteopenia by improving bone resorption under induced inflammatory conditions (38).
  • Respiratory herbs and supplementsRespiratory herbs and supplements: Based on ex vivo study, phlorizin reduced alveolar glucose uptake without a decrease in lung ATP content (45). However, phlorizin alone did not significantly reduce alveolar fluid absorption.
  • Thujone-containing agentsThujone-containing agents: In animal research, phlorizin activated gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) by depressing chloride flux (24).

    • Phlorizin/Food Interactions:

  • CarbohydratesCarbohydrates: Based on early research, phlorizin may affect carbohydrate metabolism (52; 53).

    • Phlorizin/Lab Interactions:

  • Amino acidsAmino acids: In animal research, intestinal transport of amino acids is stimulated by phlorizin, a potent inhibitor of sugar transport (54).
  • Beta-hydroxybutyrateBeta-hydroxybutyrate: Based on animal research, phlorizin injections caused beta-hydroxybutyrate to increase quadratically (55).
  • CadmiumCadmium: In in vitro research, phlorizin caused a significant decrease in the appearance of cadmium in the vascular effluent and a significant increase of cadmium in the perfused tissue content (e.g., jejunum and ileum) of an isolated perfused rat preparation (56).
  • GlucagonGlucagon: An animal study evaluated the effect of phlorizin on the distribution of glycogen in a rat (57). Further details are lacking.
  • GlucoseGlucose: Based on animal evidence, phlorizin reduced blood glucose levels (17; 18; 19; 15; 20). Phlorizin's acute effect on plasma and hepatic glucose levels have been studied (58). Phlorizin induced glucosuria (59; 55; 31).
  • HematologyHematology: Phlorizin's effect on the inhibition of hemolysis (60) and red cell phosphate turnover (61) has been evaluated. Further details are lacking.
  • InsulinInsulin: In animal research, phlorizin injections caused the ratio of insulin to glucagon to decrease linearly (55).
  • KetonesKetones: In animal research, butanediol plus phlorizin increased liver ketone body concentrations and caused glucosuria, ketonuria, and ketonemia (33).
  • Lipid panelLipid panel: Based on in vitro evidence, phlorizin promoted lipid biosynthesis, which may be attributed to either transforming the free fatty acids and oxalacetic acid to acetyl-CoA or directing the sugar breakdown towards lipid biosynthesis (22).
  • Nonesterified fatty acidsNonesterified fatty acids: In animal research, phlorizin injections caused nonesterified fatty acids to increase linearly (55).
  • Short-chain fatty acidsShort-chain fatty acids: Animals treated with phlorhizin were studied after oral administration of short-chain fatty acids (8). Further details are lacking.
  • Thyroid hormonesThyroid hormones: In animal research, phlorizin injections caused triiodothyronine, but not thyroxine, to decrease linearly (55).
  • Uric acidUric acid: The effects of phlorizin on uric acid excretion have been studied in humans (62). Further details are lacking.