Pyruvate
Pyruvate/Drug Interactions:
Acetylsalicylic acidAcetylsalicylic acid: In human research, oral administration of sodium pyruvate resulted in a decrease in the number of gastric mucosal lesions in patients also using aspirin (30).Antidiabetic agentsAntidiabetic agents: In human research, vildagliptin (approved for use in Europe but not in the United States) use resulted in decreased pyruvate levels in skeletal muscle (31). The clinical significance of this is unknown. It is unknown if other hypoglycemics have the same effect. AntihypertensivesAntihypertensives: Based on secondary sources, supplemental pyruvate may decrease blood pressure. Further details are lacking at this time.Anti-inflammatory agentsAnti-inflammatory agents: In vitro research suggests that supplemental ethyl pyruvate and sodium pyruvate may provide protection against proinflammatory cytokines (19). AntilipemicsAntilipemics: Based on human evidence, supplemental pyruvate use may decrease total and LDL cholesterol significantly in subjects consuming a high-cholesterol and high-fat diet (22). Cardiovascular agentsCardiovascular agents: Based on human evidence, pyruvate in solution may increase contraction force, half-time to relaxation, and action potential duration in human myocardium in patients undergoing open-heart surgery (24). Based on human research in congestive heart failure patients, intracoronary pyruvate may increase the maximum rate of isovolumic pressure rise and mean arterial pressure; decrease the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, heart rate, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; and increase in cardiac index, stroke volume index, and left ventricular ejection fraction (29). Based on animal evidence, pyruvate in solution may have cardioprotective effects (32; 33; 34; 35; 36). CyclosporinCyclosporin: In human research, cyclosporin use resulted in an increase in brain extracellular levels of pyruvate (37). The clinical significance of this is unknown. Dermatologic agentsDermatologic agents: Based on human research, addition of pyruvate to Eucerin? skin cream may increase efficacy in patients with hyperkeratotic disorders (26). DichloroacetateDichloroacetate: The effect of the anticancer agent dichloroacetate on pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, and the resulting increase in pyruvate flux into the mitochondria, has been reviewed (38). Further information is not available at this time, and the clinical significance of this is unknown. Hepatoprotective agentsHepatoprotective agents: Based on human evidence, supplemental pyruvate may protect the liver; sodium pyruvate treatment resulted in significantly decreased serum AST (p<0.03), ALT (p<0.03), AP (p<0.004), GGT (p<0.05), and total bilirubin (p<0.04), and clinical improvements in patients with alcoholic liver disease (28). Hypnotic agentsHypnotic agents: According to secondary sources, use of pyruvate may increase the "soundness" of sleep.Inosine-phosphate-pyruvate solutionInosine-phosphate-pyruvate solution: In human research, inosine-phosphate pyruvate solution prevented a decrease in erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in patients undergoing open-heart surgery (39).InsulinInsulin: In animal research, supplemental calcium pyruvate and pyruvylglycine significantly decreased the insulin response (23). Neuroprotective agentsNeuroprotective agents: Based on animal evidence, pyruvate treatment during cardiopulmonary resuscitation following cardiac arrest may improve neurological deficit scores and decrease the loss of pyramidal neurons (40). Respiratory agentsRespiratory agents: Based on human evidence, inhalation of pyruvate resulted in a significant improvement of forced expiratory volume in one second (27). ValproateValproate: In vitro research suggests that valproate inhibits mitochondrial pyruvate-driven oxidative phosphorylation (41). Weight loss agentsWeight loss agents: Based on human evidence, pyruvate supplementation resulted in a reduction in weight and fat (2; 42; 1). Based on animal research, calcium pyruvate or pyruvylglycine may result in a significantly lower weight gain in an obesity model (23). Pyruvate/Herb/Supplement Interactions:
Amino acidsAmino acids: In human research, amino acid supplementation of patients with chronic heart failure resulted in significantly decreased levels of plasma pyruvate (43). Anti-inflammatory herbs and supplementsAnti-inflammatory herbs and supplements: In vitro research suggests that supplemental ethyl pyruvate and sodium pyruvate may provide protection against proinflammatory cytokines (19). AntilipemicsAntilipemics: Based on human evidence, supplemental pyruvate use may decrease total and LDL cholesterol significantly in subjects consuming a high-cholesterol and high-fat diet (22). Cardioprotective herb and supplementsCardioprotective herb and supplements: Based on human evidence, pyruvate in solution may increase contraction force, half-time to relaxation, and action potential duration in human myocardium in patients undergoing open-heart surgery (24). Based on human research in congestive heart failure patients, intracoronary pyruvate may increase the maximum rate of isovolumic pressure rise and mean arterial pressure; decrease the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, heart rate, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; and increase in cardiac index, stroke volume index, and left ventricular ejection fraction (29). Based on animal evidence, pyruvate in solution may have cardioprotective effects (32; 33; 34; 35; 36). Dermatologic herbs and supplementsDermatologic herbs and supplements: Based on human evidence, addition of pyruvate to Eucerin? skin cream may increase efficacy in patients with hyperkeratotic disorders (26). DihydroxyacetoneDihydroxyacetone: A combination of supplemental dihydroxyacetone and pyruvate has been investigated for exercise performance enhancement in various clinical trials; most studies resulted in an increased time to exhaustion (44; 45). A combination of dihydroxyacetone and pyruvate decreased levels of fasting glucose in human research (46) and resulted in weight and fat loss (47). In humans, this combination did not have an effect on arterial amino acid concentrations or muscle exchange of amino acids with exercise (48). Evening primrose oilEvening primrose oil: In human research, a combination of a topical preparation containing urea, sunflower oil, evening primrose oil, wheat germ oil, and sodium pyruvate resulted in clinical improvement in patients with diverse hyperkeratotic skin conditions (psoriasis, xerosis, pityriasis rubra pilaris, stuccokeratosis, seborrheic dermatitis, stasis dermatitis, and pityriasis lichenoides chronica) (49). Hepatoprotective herb and supplementsHepatoprotective herb and supplements: Based on human research, supplemental pyruvate may protect the liver; sodium pyruvate treatment resulted in significantly decreased serum AST (p<0.03), ALT (p<0.03), AP (p<0.004), GGT (p<0.05), and total bilirubin (p<0.04), and clinical improvements in patients with alcoholic liver disease (28). Hypnotic herb and supplementsHypnotic herb and supplements: According to secondary sources, use of pyruvate may increase the "soundness" of sleep.Hypotensive herbs and supplementsHypotensive herbs and supplements: Based on secondary sources, supplemental pyruvate may decrease blood pressure. Further details are lacking at this time.Neuroprotective herb and supplementsNeuroprotective herb and supplements: Based on animal evidence, pyruvate treatment during cardiopulmonary resuscitation following cardiac arrest may improve neurological deficit scores and decrease the loss of pyramidal neurons (40). Respiratory herb and supplementsRespiratory herb and supplements: Based on human evidence, inhalation of pyruvate resulted in a significant improvement of forced expiratory volume in one second (27). Sunflower oilSunflower oil: In human research, a combination of a topical preparation containing urea, sunflower oil, evening primrose oil, wheat germ oil, and sodium pyruvate resulted in clinical improvement in patients with diverse hyperkeratotic skin conditions (psoriasis, xerosis, pityriasis rubra pilaris, stuccokeratosis, seborrheic dermatitis, stasis dermatitis, and pityriasis lichenoides chronica) (49). UreaUrea: In human research, a combination of a topical preparation containing urea, sunflower oil, evening primrose oil, wheat germ oil, and sodium pyruvate resulted in clinical improvement in patients with diverse hyperkeratotic skin conditions (psoriasis, xerosis, pityriasis rubra pilaris, stuccokeratosis, seborrheic dermatitis, stasis dermatitis, and pityriasis lichenoides chronica) (49). Weight loss herbs and supplementsWeight loss herbs and supplements: Based on human evidence, pyruvate supplementation resulted in a greater reduction in weight and fat loss (2; 42; 1). Based on animal evidence, calcium pyruvate or pyruvylglycine may result in a significantly lower weight gain in an obesity model (23). Wheat germ oilWheat germ oil: In human research, a combination of a topical preparation containing urea, sunflower oil, evening primrose oil, wheat germ oil, and sodium pyruvate resulted in clinical improvement in patients with diverse hyperkeratotic skin conditions (psoriasis, xerosis, pityriasis rubra pilaris, stuccokeratosis, seborrheic dermatitis, stasis dermatitis, and pityriasis lichenoides chronica) (49). Pyruvate/Food Interactions:
Insufficient available evidence.Pyruvate/Lab Interactions:
Body weight and fatBody weight and fat: Based on human evidence, pyruvate supplementation resulted in a greater reduction in weight and fat loss (2; 42; 1). Based on animal evidence, calcium pyruvate or pyruvylglycine may result in a significantly lower weight gain in an obesity model (23). Cardiac testingCardiac testing: Based on human evidence, pyruvate may significantly increase contraction force, half-time to relaxation, and action potential duration in human myocardium from patients undergoing open heart surgery (24). Based on human research in congestive heart failure patients, intracoronary pyruvate may significantly increase the maximum rate of isovolumic pressure rise and mean arterial pressure; decrease the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, heart rate, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; and increase in cardiac index, stroke volume index, and left ventricular ejection fraction (29). Based on human evidence, a pyruvate-fortified cardioplegia solution significantly increased left ventricular stroke work and coronary sinus hemoglobin oxygen saturation and reduced levels of coronary sinus troponin I and creatine phosphokinase-MB activities (3). Forced expiratory volumeForced expiratory volume: Based on human evidence, inhalation (three times daily for six weeks) of pyruvate resulted in a statistically significant improvement of forced expiratory volume in one second (27). Liver functionLiver function: Based on human evidence, supplemental pyruvate may result in significantly decreased serum AST (p<0.03), ALT (p<0.03), AP (p<0.004), GGT (p<0.05), and total bilirubin (p<0.04) (28). Plasma lipidsPlasma lipids: Based on human evidence, pyruvate use may decrease total and LDL cholesterol in subjects consuming a high-cholesterol and high-fat diet (22). Pyruvate levelsPyruvate levels: In human research, oral glucose resulted in an increase in blood pyruvate levels (50). In human research, supplementation with pyruvate did not increase plasma levels of pyruvate (51). In human research, topical application of sodium pyruvate into the aqueous humor increased the level of pyruvate in the aqueous sample of the eye (52).