Salt

Sodium/Drug Interactions:

  • AntihypertensivesAntihypertensives: According to a review, high intakes of sodium chloride may contribute to hypertension and hypertension-related cardiovascular disease (39).
  • Cardiovascular agentsCardiovascular agents: Sodium bicarbonate resulted in reduced ventricular QRS complexes per minute in dogs with spontaneous ventricular tachycardia (4).
  • CorticosteroidsCorticosteroids: According to secondary sources, use of corticosteroids may increase the risk of sodium retention.
  • Cytochrome P450 modifying agentsCytochrome P450 modifying agents: The effect of sodium chloride on CYP expression during gastric carcinogenesis was investigated in animal research (45). Further details are not available at this time.
  • DiureticsDiuretics: Based on the mechanism of action, increased consumption of sodium may increase fluid intake and edema.

    • Sodium/Herb/Supplement Interactions:

  • Anti-inflammatoriesAnti-inflammatories: According to secondary sources, use of corticosteroids may increase the risk of sodium retention.
  • CalciumCalcium: In human research, sodium chloride intake increased levels of urinary calcium (44).
  • Cardiovascular herbs and supplementsCardiovascular herbs and supplements: Sodium bicarbonate resulted in reduced ventricular QRS complexes per minute in dogs with spontaneous ventricular tachycardia (4).
  • CarrageenanCarrageenan: Use of kappa-carrageenan and other nonsodium salts resulted in a need for reduced fat and sodium in sausages and did not result in poorer texture or sensory characteristics (46).
  • Cytochrome P450 modifying agentsCytochrome P450 modifying agents: The effect of sodium chloride on CYP expression during gastric carcinogenesis was investigated in animal research (45). Further details are lacking at this time.
  • DiureticsDiuretics: Based on the mechanism of action, increased consumption of sodium may increase fluid intake and edema.
  • HypotensivesHypotensives: According to a review of human studies, high intakes of sodium may contribute to hypertension and hypertension-related cardiovascular disease (39).
  • NaringeninNaringenin: In male Wistar rats, naringenin had a chemoprotective effect in rats treated with N-methyl- N'-nitro- N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and saturated sodium chloride (47).

    • Sodium/Food Interactions:

  • Fish meatFish meat: Soaking of fish meat in sodium chloride solutions increased the elution of free amino acids from the meat (48).

    • Sodium/Lab Interactions:

  • Bone resorption markersBone resorption markers: In human research, sodium chloride increased excretion of bone resorption markers C- and N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX, NTX) (44). There was a lack of effect on the bone formation markers N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin.
  • CalciumCalcium: In human research, sodium chloride intake increased levels of urinary calcium (44).
  • SodiumSodium: In human research, sodium chloride intake increased levels of urinary sodium (44).