Tin

Tin/Drug Interactions:

  • AntibioticsAntibiotics: Theoretically, antibiotics may have additive effects with the antibacterial activity of stannous fluoride (SnF2). According to reviews, stannous fluoride promotes oral health through antimicrobial activity against organisms associated with caries, gingivitis, halitosis, and plaque (58; 59).
  • Cytochrome P450metabolized agentsCytochrome P450-metabolized agents: In guinea pigs, painting of tributyltin oxide on the skin induced reduction of renal cytochrome P450 (55).
  • Dental and periodontal agentsDental and periodontal agents: According to reviews, stannous fluoride promote oral health through antimicrobial activity against organisms associated with caries, gingivitis, halitosis, and plaque (58; 59).
  • ImmunosuppressantsImmunosuppressants: According to reviews, tin compounds, particularly organotins, exert effects on the immune system by a mechanism that appears to be related to their intracellular distribution and disruption of phospholipid transport and membrane-mediated signal transduction (48). In rats, tin influenced heme oxygenase activity associated with thymus homeostasis and immune function (12). It has been suggested that the thymus may secrete tin-bearing factors that enhance immunity toward malignancies and slow the loss of immune function that accompanies senescence (6).
  • Photosensitizing agentsPhotosensitizing agents: According to reviews, photodynamic therapy employs photosensitizing drugs and nonthermal light to selectively eliminate defined areas of tissue, with minimal damage to surrounding areas. Phase I and II trials of the photosensitizing agent tin etiopurpurin (tin ethyl purpurin, rostaporfin, PurlytinT) for treatment of choroid neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration showed closure of neovascularization within 24 hours of treatment (60; 61; 62; 63). Tin mesoporphyrin (SnMP, stannsoporfin) and tin protoporphyrin (SnPP) are photosensitizing agents and release toxic oxygen species (18).

    • Tin/Herb/Supplement Interactions:

  • AntibacterialsAntibacterials: Theoretically, antibiotics may have additive effects with the antibacterial activity of stannous fluoride (SnF2). According to reviews, stannous fluoride promotes oral health through antimicrobial activity against organisms associated with caries, gingivitis, halitosis, and plaque (58; 59).
  • CalciumCalcium: Tin deficiency in rats increases calcium levels in the lung, according to a review (12).
  • CopperCopper: Rats fed 200mcg/g of tin retained less copper in tissues and excreted more copper in feces than control rats (64). Tin deficiency in rats affects copper levels in the heart and tibia, according to a review (12).
  • Cytochrome P450-metabolized herbs and supplementsCytochrome P450-metabolized herbs and supplements: In guinea pigs, painting of tributyltin oxide on the skin induced reduction of renal cytochrome P450 (55).
  • DaspartateD-aspartate: Trimethyl tin inhibited the uptake and stimulated the release of D-aspartate in primary cultures of rat astrocytes (46).
  • Dental compoundsDental compounds: According to reviews, stannous fluoride promotes oral health through antimicrobial activity against organisms associated with caries, gingivitis, halitosis, and plaque (58; 59).
  • ImmunosuppressantsImmunosuppressants: According to reviews, tin compounds, particularly organotins, exert effects on the immune system by a mechanism that appears to be related to their intracellular distribution and disruption of phospholipid transport and membrane-mediated signal transduction (48). In rats, tin influenced heme oxygenase activity associated with thymus homeostasis and immune function (12). It has been suggested that the thymus may secrete tin-bearing factors that enhance immunity toward malignancies and slow the loss of immune function that accompanies senescence (6).
  • IronIron: In rats fed moderate-to-high levels of dietary tin, depressed hematocrit, hemoglobin, and serum iron have been observed (50; 51; 52; 53; 54). Information on doses was lacking. Tin deficiency in rats affects iron levels in muscle, spleen, and kidney, according to a review (12).
  • L-glutamateL-glutamate: Trimethyl tin inhibited the uptake and stimulated the release of L-glutamate in primary cultures of rat astrocytes (46).
  • ManganeseManganese: Tin deficiency in rats affects manganese levels in muscle and tibia, according to a review (12).
  • PhotosensitizersPhotosensitizers: According to reviews, photodynamic therapy employs photosensitizing drugs and nonthermal light to selectively eliminate defined areas of tissue, with minimal damage to surrounding areas. Phase I and II trials of the photosensitizing agent tin etiopurpurin (tin ethyl purpurin, rostaporfin, PurlytinT) for treatment of choroid neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration showed closure of neovascularization within 24 hours of treatment (60; 61; 62; 63). Tin mesoporphyrin (SnMP, stannsoporfin) and tin protoporphyrin (SnPP) are photosensitizing agents and release toxic oxygen species (18).
  • Rubidium (Rb)Rubidium (Rb): Low levels (10-5M) of trimethyl tin significantly inhibited the initial rate of uptake and stimulated the release of 86RbCl, a tracer for potassium, in primary cultures of rat astrocytes (46).
  • SeleniumSelenium: Stannous salts, such as stannous fluoride, blocked selenium metabolism in the bacterial pathogen Treponema denticola, which has been implicated in periodontal disease (65).
  • Vitamin DVitamin D: In guinea pigs, painting of tributyltin oxide on the skin induced reduction of serum 1-25-dihydroxyvitamin D (55).
  • ZincZinc: In human research, subjects fed a high-tin diet (~50mg daily, comparable to two cups of canned food) for 20 days excreted higher levels of zinc in feces and lower levels in urine than subjects fed a low-tin diet (0.11mg daily, equivalent to eating no tinned food) (54). Rats fed 200mcg/g of tin retained less zinc in tissues and excreted more in feces than control rats (64). Tin deficiency in the rat affects zinc levels in the heart, according to a review (12).

    • Tin/Food Interactions:

  • GeneralGeneral: Food packaging, such as tin cans, may alter food composition and potentially affect mineral bioavailability (66).

    • Tin/Lab Interactions:

  • CalciumCalcium: Tin deficiency in rats increases calcium levels in the lung, according to a review (12).
  • CopperCopper: Rats fed 200mcg/g of tin retained less copper in tissues and excreted more copper in feces than control rats (64). Tin deficiency in rats affects copper levels in the heart and tibia, according to a review (12).
  • Erythrocyte labelingErythrocyte labeling: For radionuclide angiography, erythrocytes are labeled by incubation with 99mTc pertechnetate followed by incubation with tin (31). The presence of stannous ion in blood has been implicated as a pharmaceutical (as opposed to a patient-related) factor contributing to technical difficulty experienced during the process of erythrocyte labeling (32).
  • IronIron: In rats fed moderate-to-high levels of dietary tin, depressed hematocrit, hemoglobin, and serum iron have been observed (50; 51; 52; 53; 54). Information on doses was lacking. Tin deficiency in rats affects iron levels in muscle, spleen, and kidney, according to a review (12).
  • ManganeseManganese: Tin deficiency in rats affects manganese levels in muscle and tibia, according to a review (12).
  • Vitamin DVitamin D: In guinea pigs, painting of tributyltin oxide on the skin induced reduction of serum 1-25-dihydroxyvitamin D (55).
  • ZincZinc: In human research, subjects fed a high-tin diet (~50mg daily, comparable to two cups of canned food) for 20 days excreted higher levels of zinc in feces and lower levels in urine than subjects fed a low-tin diet (0.11mg daily, equivalent to eating no tinned food) (54). Rats fed 200mcg/g of tin retained less zinc in tissues and excreted more in feces than control rats (64). Tin deficiency in rats affects zinc levels in the heart, according to a review (12).