CLA

CLA/Nutrient depletion:

  • Fatty acidsFatty acids: In animals, CLA decreased levels of oleic and arachidonic acids (484). In animals, CLA reduced levels of free fatty acids (277) and decreased levels of unsaturated fatty acids in heart and muscle (433).
  • GlucoseGlucose: In humans and animals, CLA supplementation increased glucose levels (99; 96; 281; 282; 129). In separate studies, CLA decreased glucose levels in humans (149) and animals (277; 283; 284; 285). Other studies have shown a lack of an effect of CLA on plasma glucose (286; 148). In prediabetic animals, CLA normalized impaired glucose tolerance and reduced fasting glucose (13; 468). However, CLA isomers may have opposing effects, with the t10,c12 CLA isomer promoting increased serum glucose concentrations (287).
  • LipidsLipids: In humans and animals, CLA reduced fasting triglyceride, VLDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol, and ratios of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol (476; 104; 471; 477; 105; 475; 101; 294; 295; 296; 297; 468; 277). Other studies have shown a lack of an effect or adverse effects of CLA on plasma lipids such as triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol (476; 104; 139; 138; 148; 149; 402; 477; 105; 188; 305; 479; 306; 184).
  • SodiumSodium: Decreased sodium occurred in one clinical trial (153).