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Lactoferrin
Lactoferrin/Nutrient Depletion:
Calcium
Calcium: In vitro, a decrease in human lactoferrin's ability to agglutinate Micrococcus lysodeikticus has been seen following interaction with calmodulin (an intra-cellular calcium binding protein) under the presence of calcium (de Lillo, 1992, 1544444}. Other cellular research has shown that calcium lacks a potentiating effect on human lactoferrin's antibacterial activity against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (
56
). According to preliminary cellular research reported via published abstract, calcium exposure altered the secondary structure of bovine lactoferrin (specifically the ?-helix and ?-sheet) which, as purported by investigators, contributes to bovine lactoferrin's diminished antimicrobial capacity in the presence of calcium (60).
Glucose
Glucose: A case of minor hyperglycemia was observed following the use of bovine lactoferrin, albeit in a frequency similar to that observed with placebo (
22
).
Iron
Iron: According to a letter responding to research previously conducted in humans, the iron binding capacity of lactoferrin was purportedly saturated by excess iron supplementation in breastfed infants (
13
). In human research, lactoferrin increased both total serum iron and serum hemoglobin levels in pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia (
39
;
28
), but lacked evidence of benefit on iron absorption (
70
).
Magnesium
Magnesium: In cellular research, magnesium enhanced the antibacterial activity of human lactoferrin against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (
56
).
Potassium
Potassium: In cellular research, potassium lacked evidence of potentiation of human lactoferrin's antibacterial activity against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (
56
).