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Se
Selenium/Nutrient Depletion:
Cisplatin
Cisplatin: In human research, cisplatin has been reported to reduce serum selenium concentrations in patients being treated for testicular cancer (
477
).
Clozapine
Clozapine: In human research, the antischizophrenia drug clozapine has been reported to correlate with low serum selenium levels (
510
;
511
).
Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids: In human research, high-dose corticosteroid therapy (specifically, 20-60mg of prednisolone daily) lowered plasma selenium levels (
419
).
Diets (e.g., ketogenic diet, vegetarian diet, diets high in refined foods)
Diets (e.g., ketogenic diet, vegetarian diet, diets high in refined foods): Certain diets (e.g., ketogenic diet, vegetarian diet, and diets high in refined foods) can lead to selenium deficiency (
492
;
493
;
494
;
495
;
496
).
Estrogens
Estrogens: Selenium levels may be decreased in patients taking oral contraceptives, as estrogens have been shown to upregulate selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (
420
).
Gastrointestinal resection
Gastrointestinal resection: Stomach and small intestine surgical resectioning may lead to selenium deficiency (
512
). An age-related rise in blood lipid peroxides measured by the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method was not influenced by vitamin E and selenium supplementation (
513
).
Iron
Iron: Based on human research, serum selenium levels may be affected by iron supplementation (
422
).
Smoking
Smoking: Smoking may cause lower selenium, with no effects on GSH-PX activity (
514
).
Valproic acid
Valproic acid: Decreased selenium levels have been reported in humans and animals after valproic acid administration (
481
).
Vegetarian diet
Vegetarian diet: Selenium status has been shown to be significantly lower in vegetarians when compared to nonvegetarians (
499
).