Pyridoxine

Related Terms

2-Methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-dihydroxymethylpyridine, 5-hydroxy-6-methyl-3,4-pyridinedimethanol [65-23-6], adermine hydrochloride, B complex vitamin, B6, B(6), Bio Zinc, Beesix, Benadon, Bexivit, Bonadon N, Hexobion 100, Naturetime B6, pyridoxal, pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxal-5-phosphate, pyridoxamine, pyridoxine HCl, pyridoxine hydrochloride, Pyroxin, Rodex, Vicotrat, Vita-Valu, Vitabee 6, vitamin B-6.

Background

Vitamin B6 is also called pyridoxine. It is involved in the process of making serotonin and norepinephrine, which are chemicals that transmit signals in the brain. Vitamin B6 is also involved in the formation of myelin, a protein layer that forms around nerve cells.
Vitamin B6 deficiency in adults may cause health problems affecting the nerves, skin, mucous membranes, and circulatory system. In children, the central nervous system is also affected. Deficiency can occur in people with kidney failure complications, alcoholism, liver scarring, overactive thyroid, problems with absorbing nutrients, and heart failure, as well as those taking certain medications. Mild deficiency of vitamin B6 is common.
Major sources of vitamin B6 include cereal grains, legumes, vegetables (carrots, spinach, peas, and potatoes), milk, cheese, eggs, fish, liver, meat, and flour. Vitamin B6 is often used with other B vitamins in vitamin B complex formulas.
High blood levels of the amino acid homocysteine may be a risk factor for heart disease. Taking vitamin B6 supplements with other B vitamins (folic acid and vitamin B12) has been shown to be effective for lowering homocysteine levels.
Vitamin B6 has been studied for the treatment of many conditions, including anemia (low amounts of healthy red blood cells), vitamin B6 deficiency, certain seizures in newborns, and side effects of the drug cycloserine. Evidence in support of other uses is lacking.

Evidence Table

These uses have been tested in humans or animals. Safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider. GRADE *
These uses have been tested in humans or animals. Safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider. GRADE *


Vitamin B6 has been studied for a genetic disorder called sideroblastic anemia, in which the body does not make enough healthy red blood cells. Vitamin B6 supplements have been found to be effective for treating this condition under the care of a medical professional.

 A


Vitamin B6 has been studied for a genetic disorder called sideroblastic anemia, in which the body does not make enough healthy red blood cells. Vitamin B6 supplements have been found to be effective for treating this condition under the care of a medical professional.

 A


Vitamin B6 supplements are effective for preventing and treating vitamin B6 deficiency and nerve inflammation caused by low intake, certain diseases, or some drugs. Dietary supplements should be taken under the guidance of a medical provider.

 A


Vitamin B6 supplements are effective for preventing and treating vitamin B6 deficiency and nerve inflammation caused by low intake, certain diseases, or some drugs. Dietary supplements should be taken under the guidance of a medical provider.

 A


Cycloserine is a prescription drug that treats tuberculosis or urinary tract infections. It may cause side effects such as anemia (low amounts of healthy red blood cells in the body), nerve inflammation, or seizures. Vitamin B6 has been found to help prevent these side effects.

A


Cycloserine is a prescription drug that treats tuberculosis or urinary tract infections. It may cause side effects such as anemia (low amounts of healthy red blood cells in the body), nerve inflammation, or seizures. Vitamin B6 has been found to help prevent these side effects.

A


High doses of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) in pregnant mothers or genetic disorders may cause seizures in newborns. These seizures may be controlled quickly by a medical professional injecting pyridoxine into the vein.

 A


High doses of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) in pregnant mothers or genetic disorders may cause seizures in newborns. These seizures may be controlled quickly by a medical professional injecting pyridoxine into the vein.

 A


There is some evidence that taking pyridoxine by mouth may improve PMS symptoms, such as breast pain, depression, or anxiety in some women. Further research is needed before a conclusion can be made.

 B


There is some evidence that taking pyridoxine by mouth may improve PMS symptoms, such as breast pain, depression, or anxiety in some women. Further research is needed before a conclusion can be made.

 B


Some research suggests that vitamin B6 supplementation used alone or with other vitamins and minerals may help treat ADHD. However, there is conflicting evidence. Further research is needed before a conclusion can be made.

 C


Some research suggests that vitamin B6 supplementation used alone or with other vitamins and minerals may help treat ADHD. However, there is conflicting evidence. Further research is needed before a conclusion can be made.

 C


Some anti-psychotic drugs may cause movement disorders, such as akathisia. Early study suggests that high doses of vitamin B6 may be helpful when added to standard treatment for this disorder. Further research is needed to confirm these results.

 C


Some anti-psychotic drugs may cause movement disorders, such as akathisia. Early study suggests that high doses of vitamin B6 may be helpful when added to standard treatment for this disorder. Further research is needed to confirm these results.

 C


High blood levels of the amino acid homocysteine may indicate Alzheimer's disease risk. Pyridoxine supplements taken alone or with other B vitamins (folic acid) have been found to be effective for lowering homocysteine levels. However, it is unclear whether lowering homocysteine levels also lowers Alzheimer's disease risk. Further research is needed before a conclusion can be made.

 C


High blood levels of the amino acid homocysteine may indicate Alzheimer's disease risk. Pyridoxine supplements taken alone or with other B vitamins (folic acid) have been found to be effective for lowering homocysteine levels. However, it is unclear whether lowering homocysteine levels also lowers Alzheimer's disease risk. Further research is needed before a conclusion can be made.

 C


There are conflicting findings to support the use of folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 together after angioplasty. Further research is needed before firm conclusions can be made.

 C


There are conflicting findings to support the use of folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 together after angioplasty. Further research is needed before firm conclusions can be made.

 C


Evidence is lacking to support the use of vitamin B6 for relieving anxiety. More research is needed in this area.

 C


Evidence is lacking to support the use of vitamin B6 for relieving anxiety. More research is needed in this area.

 C


Early research suggests that children with severe asthma may have low vitamin B6 levels. Theophylline, an anti-asthma drug, seems to lower vitamin B6 levels. Studies of vitamin B6 supplementation in people taking theophylline for asthma have found conflicting results. Further research is needed before a strong conclusion can be made.

 C


Early research suggests that children with severe asthma may have low vitamin B6 levels. Theophylline, an anti-asthma drug, seems to lower vitamin B6 levels. Studies of vitamin B6 supplementation in people taking theophylline for asthma have found conflicting results. Further research is needed before a strong conclusion can be made.

 C


Supplementation with vitamin B6 has been studied for the treatment of atopic eczema. Early study has looked at the use of vitamin B6 for eczema symptoms in children, but found a lack of effect. High-quality research is needed to make firm conclusions.

 C


Supplementation with vitamin B6 has been studied for the treatment of atopic eczema. Early study has looked at the use of vitamin B6 for eczema symptoms in children, but found a lack of effect. High-quality research is needed to make firm conclusions.

 C


Studies of birth outcomes in which pregnant mothers were given vitamin B6 supplements have found mixed results. Other research suggests that vitamin B6 supplements during pregnancy may help improve dental health and birth weight of babies. More high-quality study is needed in this area.

 C


Studies of birth outcomes in which pregnant mothers were given vitamin B6 supplements have found mixed results. Other research suggests that vitamin B6 supplements during pregnancy may help improve dental health and birth weight of babies. More high-quality study is needed in this area.

 C


Early studies have found conflicting results on the use of vitamin B6 for reducing breast milk. Further research is needed before a firm conclusion can be made.

 C


Early studies have found conflicting results on the use of vitamin B6 for reducing breast milk. Further research is needed before a firm conclusion can be made.

 C


Evidence is lacking to support the use of vitamin B6 for breast pain or tenderness. More study is needed in this field.

 C


Evidence is lacking to support the use of vitamin B6 for breast pain or tenderness. More study is needed in this field.

 C


Some evidence suggests that vitamin B6 lowers the risk of colon cancer. However, a combination of folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 did not appear to decrease the risk of breast cancer. There is some evidence that male smokers with higher blood levels of vitamin B6 may have a lower risk of lung cancer. High-quality research is needed to confirm these results. Supplementation is not standard therapy at this time.

 C


Some evidence suggests that vitamin B6 lowers the risk of colon cancer. However, a combination of folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 did not appear to decrease the risk of breast cancer. There is some evidence that male smokers with higher blood levels of vitamin B6 may have a lower risk of lung cancer. High-quality research is needed to confirm these results. Supplementation is not standard therapy at this time.

 C


Evidence to support the use of vitamin B6 for carpal tunnel syndrome is currently lacking. Early study suggests that people who have the condition may have lower vitamin B6 levels. More research is needed before a firm conclusion can be made.

 C


Evidence to support the use of vitamin B6 for carpal tunnel syndrome is currently lacking. Early study suggests that people who have the condition may have lower vitamin B6 levels. More research is needed before a firm conclusion can be made.

 C


Early evidence suggests that vitamin B6 supplementation may benefit children with overactive restlessness and low levels of serotonin, a chemical in the brain. Further research is needed to confirm these results.

 C


Early evidence suggests that vitamin B6 supplementation may benefit children with overactive restlessness and low levels of serotonin, a chemical in the brain. Further research is needed to confirm these results.

 C


Early research suggests that poor cognitive function may be associated with low levels of folate in the blood. However, this effect was lacking with vitamin B6. More study on the effects of vitamin B6 alone is needed.

 C


Early research suggests that poor cognitive function may be associated with low levels of folate in the blood. However, this effect was lacking with vitamin B6. More study on the effects of vitamin B6 alone is needed.

 C


Early study has looked at the use of vitamin B6 for symptoms of depression. Higher blood levels of the amino acid homocysteine may increase the risk for later depression. More studies are needed to confirm potential benefits.

 C


Early study has looked at the use of vitamin B6 for symptoms of depression. Higher blood levels of the amino acid homocysteine may increase the risk for later depression. More studies are needed to confirm potential benefits.

 C


Early research suggests that daily vitamin B6 supplementation may improve blood sugar levels in diabetes associated with pregnancy. High-quality research is needed to confirm these results.

 C


Early research suggests that daily vitamin B6 supplementation may improve blood sugar levels in diabetes associated with pregnancy. High-quality research is needed to confirm these results.

 C


Early research suggests that vitamin B6 supplementation may affect female fertility. Vitamin B6 used with other supplements may improve pregnancy outcome. However, strong evidence to support this effect is currently lacking. Further high-quality research on the effects of vitamin B6 alone is needed.

 C


Early research suggests that vitamin B6 supplementation may affect female fertility. Vitamin B6 used with other supplements may improve pregnancy outcome. However, strong evidence to support this effect is currently lacking. Further high-quality research on the effects of vitamin B6 alone is needed.

 C


High blood levels of the amino acid homocysteine may be a risk factor for heart disease, blood clotting disorders, clogged arteries, heart attack, and stroke. Vitamin B6 has been studied in combination with other B vitamins (mainly folic acid) for lowering homocysteine levels. Some studies suggest that folic acid may be more effective than vitamin B6, while others report that vitamin B6 alone may lack effect. More research is needed before firm conclusions can be made on the use of vitamin B6 for heart disease.

 C


High blood levels of the amino acid homocysteine may be a risk factor for heart disease, blood clotting disorders, clogged arteries, heart attack, and stroke. Vitamin B6 has been studied in combination with other B vitamins (mainly folic acid) for lowering homocysteine levels. Some studies suggest that folic acid may be more effective than vitamin B6, while others report that vitamin B6 alone may lack effect. More research is needed before firm conclusions can be made on the use of vitamin B6 for heart disease.

 C


Early research suggests that vitamin B6 may lower blood pressure. More research is needed to confirm these results.

 C


Early research suggests that vitamin B6 may lower blood pressure. More research is needed to confirm these results.

 C


Vitamin B6 is thought to be important for immune system function. Early study found positive effects of vitamin B6 on immune response. More research on vitamin B6 supplementation for this use is needed.

 C


Vitamin B6 is thought to be important for immune system function. Early study found positive effects of vitamin B6 on immune response. More research on vitamin B6 supplementation for this use is needed.

 C


Vitamin B6 taken alone or with magnesium may reduce the risk of certain types of kidney stones. Higher vitamin B6 intake has been linked to a lower risk of developing certain kidney stones in women, but this effect was found to be lacking in men without a history of kidney stones. Further studies are needed before a firm conclusion can be drawn.

 C


Vitamin B6 taken alone or with magnesium may reduce the risk of certain types of kidney stones. Higher vitamin B6 intake has been linked to a lower risk of developing certain kidney stones in women, but this effect was found to be lacking in men without a history of kidney stones. Further studies are needed before a firm conclusion can be drawn.

 C


Vitamin B6 taken with other treatments may help maintain kidney function in people with hyperoxaluria, in which excessive amounts of a compound called oxalate are found in the urine. People who have hyperoxaluria often have a high risk for calcium oxalate stones. High-quality research is needed in this area.

 C


Vitamin B6 taken with other treatments may help maintain kidney function in people with hyperoxaluria, in which excessive amounts of a compound called oxalate are found in the urine. People who have hyperoxaluria often have a high risk for calcium oxalate stones. High-quality research is needed in this area.

 C


McArdle's disease is a rare, inherited muscle disease that causes fatigue, painful muscle cramps, and muscle failure. Muscle damage in people with this disease may cause dark urine and vitamin B6 deficiency. Early research found a lack of benefit of vitamin B6 for McArdle's disease. Further research is needed.

 C


McArdle's disease is a rare, inherited muscle disease that causes fatigue, painful muscle cramps, and muscle failure. Muscle damage in people with this disease may cause dark urine and vitamin B6 deficiency. Early research found a lack of benefit of vitamin B6 for McArdle's disease. Further research is needed.

 C


Early research suggests that vitamin B6 may be effective for relieving menstrual cramps. However, evidence is lacking and further research is needed to confirm these results.

 C


Early research suggests that vitamin B6 may be effective for relieving menstrual cramps. However, evidence is lacking and further research is needed to confirm these results.

 C


Evidence is conflicting in support of vitamin B6 for bone protection. More studies are needed before a firm conclusion can be made.

 C


Evidence is conflicting in support of vitamin B6 for bone protection. More studies are needed before a firm conclusion can be made.

 C


Supplementing with vitamin B6 has been suggested as a treatment for nerve pain. Further research is needed to form conclusions.

 C


Supplementing with vitamin B6 has been suggested as a treatment for nerve pain. Further research is needed to form conclusions.

 C


Studies have looked at the use of vitamin B6 alone or with other anti-nausea treatments in pregnant women, with conflicting results. Further research is needed before a firm conclusion can be made.

 C


Studies have looked at the use of vitamin B6 alone or with other anti-nausea treatments in pregnant women, with conflicting results. Further research is needed before a firm conclusion can be made.

 C


It is thought that women who take birth control pills may need to take vitamin B6 supplements, although this lacks scientific proof. Women on low-dose birth control taken by mouth may have lower levels of the vitamin. B6 supplementation should be used with caution, since long-term effects are unknown. High-quality research is needed in this area.

 C


It is thought that women who take birth control pills may need to take vitamin B6 supplements, although this lacks scientific proof. Women on low-dose birth control taken by mouth may have lower levels of the vitamin. B6 supplementation should be used with caution, since long-term effects are unknown. High-quality research is needed in this area.

 C


Early research suggests that vitamin B6 may lack effect on seizures caused by fever. More research is needed to confirm these results.

 C


Early research suggests that vitamin B6 may lack effect on seizures caused by fever. More research is needed to confirm these results.

 C


Vitamin B6 has been studied for people who have tardive dyskinesia. Early research suggests that vitamin B6 may be of benefit for symptoms of this condition. Further research is needed before a firm conclusion can be made.

 C


Vitamin B6 has been studied for people who have tardive dyskinesia. Early research suggests that vitamin B6 may be of benefit for symptoms of this condition. Further research is needed before a firm conclusion can be made.

 C


Early research suggests that low levels of vitamin B6 may be a risk factor for blood clots in the veins. Further study is needed to form conclusions.

 C


Early research suggests that low levels of vitamin B6 may be a risk factor for blood clots in the veins. Further study is needed to form conclusions.

 C


Studies on at the use of vitamin B6 alone or with magnesium have found unclear results for the treatment of autism. Further research is needed. Autism should be treated by a qualified medical provider.

 D


Studies on at the use of vitamin B6 alone or with magnesium have found unclear results for the treatment of autism. Further research is needed. Autism should be treated by a qualified medical provider.

 D


Vitamin B6 alone or with vitamin B12 and folic acid has been found to lack effectiveness in preventing recurrent strokes. Further research is needed to determine the effect of vitamin B6 alone.

 D


Vitamin B6 alone or with vitamin B12 and folic acid has been found to lack effectiveness in preventing recurrent strokes. Further research is needed to determine the effect of vitamin B6 alone.

 D
* Key to grades

A: Strong scientific evidence for this use
B: Good scientific evidence for this use
C: Unclear scientific evidence for this use
D: Fair scientific evidence for this use (it may not work)
F: Strong scientific evidence against this use (it likley does not work)
* Key to grades

A: Strong scientific evidence for this use
B: Good scientific evidence for this use
C: Unclear scientific evidence for this use
D: Fair scientific evidence for this use (it may not work)
F: Strong scientific evidence against this use (it likley does not work)

Tradition / Theory

The below uses are based on tradition, scientific theories, or limited research. They often have not been thoroughly tested in humans, and safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider. There may be other proposed uses that are not listed below.

Dosing

Adults (18 years and older)
The recommended daily intake of vitamin B6 is as follows: 1.3 milligrams in men and women ages 19-50; 1.7 milligrams in men aged 51 and older; and 1.3 milligrams in women aged 51 and older. The maximum daily intake of vitamin B6 in adults and pregnant or breastfeeding women over age 18 is 100 milligrams.
For anemia, 25 milligrams of vitamin B6 has been taken by mouth with multivitamins.
For anxiety, 50 milligrams of vitamin B6 has been taken by mouth daily with magnesium.
For birth outcomes, the following doses of vitamin B6 have been taken by mouth: three lozenges daily, each containing 6.67 milligrams of pyridoxine; 6.67-20 milligrams of pyridoxine daily; 1-25 milligrams of pyridoxine HCl daily; and a single dose of 100 milligrams. A dose of 100 milligrams of pyridoxinum hydrochloricum has been injected into the muscle.
For heart disease (high homocysteine levels), 40 milligrams of vitamin B6 has been taken by mouth daily.
For carpal tunnel syndrome, 200 milligrams of vitamin B6 has been taken by mouth daily for 10-12 weeks.
For cognitive function, 20 milligrams of vitamin B6 has been taken by mouth daily for 12 weeks.
For menstrual cramps, 200 milligrams of vitamin B6 has been taken by mouth daily.
For diabetes, 100 milligrams of vitamin B6 has been taken by mouth daily for 14 days.
For high blood pressure, 5 milligrams of vitamin B6 per kilogram of body weight has been taken by mouth daily for four weeks.
For reducing breast milk, 200 milligrams of pyridoxine has been taken by mouth 2-3 times daily for 6-7 days.
For McArdle's disease, 50 milligrams of vitamin B6 has been taken by mouth daily for 10 weeks, without evidence of benefit.
For nerve pain, 6 milligrams of vitamin B6 has been taken by mouth daily.
For nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, the following doses of vitamin B6 have been taken by mouth: 25 milligrams every eight hours for 72 hours; 10 milligrams of pyridoxine HCl every eight hours for five days; and 100 milligrams daily for seven days. Doses of 30-100 milligrams of pyridoxine have been taken by mouth in 1-3 divided doses daily for three days to three weeks.
For premenstrual syndrome (PMS), up to 600 milligrams of vitamin B6 has been taken by mouth, with 100 milligrams daily suggested as the optimal level.

Safety

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not strictly regulate herbs and supplements. There is no guarantee of strength, purity or safety of products, and effects may vary. You should always read product labels. If you have a medical condition, or are taking other drugs, herbs, or supplements, you should speak with a qualified healthcare provider before starting a new therapy. Consult a healthcare provider immediately if you experience side effects.

Interactions

Interactions with Drugs
Vitamin B6 may increase the risk of bleeding when taken with drugs that increase the risk of bleeding. Some examples include aspirin, anticoagulants ("blood thinners") such as warfarin (Coumadin?) or heparin, anti-platelet drugs such as clopidogrel (Plavix?), and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen (Motrin?, Advil?) or naproxen (Naprosyn?, Aleve?).
Vitamin B6 may affect blood sugar levels. Caution is advised when using medications that may affect blood sugar. People taking drugs for diabetes by mouth or insulin should be monitored closely by a qualified healthcare professional, including a pharmacist. Medication adjustments may be necessary.
Vitamin B6 may cause low blood pressure. Caution is advised in people taking drugs that lower blood pressure.
Vitamin B6 may interfere with the way the body processes certain drugs using the liver's "cytochrome P450" enzyme system. As a result, the levels of these drugs may be altered in the blood, and may cause altered effects or potentially serious adverse reactions. People using any medications should check the package insert, and speak with a qualified healthcare professional, including a pharmacist, about possible interactions.
Vitamin B6 may also interact with agents that affect the immune or nervous system, agents that increase sun sensitivity, agents that lower homocysteine levels, agents that prevent vomiting, agents that promote breast milk, agents that stimulate red blood cell production, Alzheimer's agents, amiodarone, anti-anxiety agents, anti-asthma agents, antibiotics, anticancer agents, antidepressants, cycloserine, furosemide, hormonal agents, hydrazines, ion exchange phosphate binding resins, kidney agents, magnesium, osteoporosis agents, Parkinson's agents, penicillamine (Cuprimine?, Depen?), phenobarbital, phenytoin, and skin agents.

Attribution

This information is based on a systematic review of scientific literature edited and peer-reviewed by contributors to the Natural Standard Research Collaboration (www.naturalstandard.com).

Bibliography

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