Polifenoles

Related Terms

(Czech, Russian, Slovenian), caje zelen? (Czech), cajnoe derevo (Russian), cajovn?k c?nsk? (Czech), camellia, Camellia assamica, Camellia sinensis, Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, camellia tea, Camellia thea, Camellia theifera, catechins, ?ay (Turkish), cha (Chinese, Thai, Japanese, Korean, Sinhalese, Urdu), ch? (Portuguese - Brazil), cha no ki (Japanese), chaa (Hindi), chaay (Hindi, Sinhalese), ch?-da-?ndia (Portuguese), chaha (Kannada), chai (Hindi, Russian), chainoe derevo (Russian), ch?-preto (Brazilian), chay (Persian, Urdu), chaya (Tamil), Chinese rea, Chinesischer Thee (German), chiya (Nepali), EGC, EGCG, epicatechin gallate, epicatechins, epigallocatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, green tea extract, GTE, herbata chinska (Polish), hiina teep??sas (Estonian), Hydroxycut?, ichibi (Japanese), Japanese tea, kamelia (Polish), lignin, lotus-f3, L-theanine, matcha, matcha green tea, matsu-cha tea, methylated EGCG, methylxanthine, nok cha (Korean), O-methylated catechin, organic acids, phenolic acids, phytochemicals, pianta del t? (Italian), planta del t? (Spanish), Poly E, polyphenols, Polyphenon E?, proanthocyanidins, shay (Arabic), sinecatechins, sinecatechins 15% ointment, te (Danish, Kannada, Norwegian, Sinhalese, Swedish), tannins, t? (Spanish), tea (Hungarian), tea green, tea pigment, tebusk (Danish), tebuske (Swedish), tee (Finnish, German), teekameelia (Estonian), teepensas (Finnish), Teestrauch (German), teestruik (Dutch), teh (Hebrew, Malay), teyaku (Telugu), thayilai (Tamil), th? (French), Thea bohea, Thea sinensis, Thea viridis, Theaceae (family), theanine, theesoortt (Dutch), tTheestrauch (German), theestruik (Dutch), th?ier (French), theifers, theobromine, theophylline, Veregen?, vitamins.
Combination product examples: AR25?, Exolise?, FertilityBlend (chasteberry extract, green tea extracts, L-arginine, vitamins and minerals), LGNC-07 (green tea extract and L-theanine), LipoKinetix? (norephedrine, caffeine, yohimbine, diiodothyronine, and sodium usnate), Metabolife 356 (caffeine, plus extracts of green tea, Garcinia cambogia, and yerba mate), Nature's Bounty? Green Tea Extract, PhosphoLEANT (85mg of N-oleyl-phosphatidylethanolamine extracted from soya lecithin and 121mg of a dry green tea extract), Puritan's Pride? Green Tea Extract.
Note: This monograph focuses on green tea. Green tea contains caffeine. Thus, there may be theoretical uses, safety issues, adverse effects, interactions, and mechanisms of action associated with caffeine that are not specifically addressed in this monograph. For a more complete overview of green tea, information on caffeine is available in the Natural Standard caffeine monograph.

Background

Green tea is made from the dried leaves of Camellia sinensis, an evergreen shrub. Green tea, black tea, and oolong tea all come from the same plant. Green tea is made by lightly steaming the freshly cut leaf. Green tea is primarily made and consumed in China, Japan, and countries in North Africa and the Middle East.
Unlike black and oolong tea leaves, green tea leaves do not undergo a fermenting process. As a result, green tea has higher levels of antioxidant compounds. Like wine, curcumin, purple sweet potato leaves, and cocoa, green tea is high in compounds called polyphenols. Many of the potential cancer-preventing effects of green tea are thought to involve a compound called catechin. Tea also contains tannins, trace elements, and vitamins.
Green tea is a source of caffeine; one cup of tea contains approximately 50 milligrams of caffeine, depending on the strength of the tea and the size of the cup. For a complete overview of caffeine, information is available in the Natural Standard caffeine monograph.
Green tea is used as an antioxidant to help prevent chronic disease. It has been studied for genital warts, allergy symptoms, anxiety, arthritis, bone health, cancer, heart conditions, the common cold, exercise performance, liver disease, tooth cavities, diabetes, infections, fertility problems, some viruses, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, high triglyceride levels, liver conditions, menopause, mental performance, sun sensitivity, skin conditions and healing, and weight loss.
Although there is good evidence to support green tea use for genital warts and for lowering cholesterol, more research is needed before firm conclusions may be made.

Evidence Table

These uses have been tested in humans or animals. Safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider. GRADE *
These uses have been tested in humans or animals. Safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider. GRADE *


Polyphenon E?, a green tea extract, has been FDA-approved for genital warts caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV). A study reports that Polyphenon E? ointment may have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. Polyphenon E? ointment should be used under the care of a doctor or other health professional. Other research suggests that green tea creams may be useful for genital and anal warts and may be a less expensive alternative to regular treatment.

 B


Polyphenon E?, a green tea extract, has been FDA-approved for genital warts caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV). A study reports that Polyphenon E? ointment may have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. Polyphenon E? ointment should be used under the care of a doctor or other health professional. Other research suggests that green tea creams may be useful for genital and anal warts and may be a less expensive alternative to regular treatment.

 B


Research suggests that green tea may lower cholesterol; however, studies in people with high cholesterol are limited. Further study in people with this condition is needed before a firm conclusion can be made.

 B


Research suggests that green tea may lower cholesterol; however, studies in people with high cholesterol are limited. Further study in people with this condition is needed before a firm conclusion can be made.

 B


Research suggests that green tea may improve acne by blocking the bacteria that causes this condition. More study is needed to determine the possible benefits of green tea and green tea extract.

 C


Research suggests that green tea may improve acne by blocking the bacteria that causes this condition. More study is needed to determine the possible benefits of green tea and green tea extract.

 C


Limited research reports that benifuuki green tea reduced symptoms of hay fever caused by Japanese cedar. More studies are needed before a conclusion can be made.

 C


Limited research reports that benifuuki green tea reduced symptoms of hay fever caused by Japanese cedar. More studies are needed before a conclusion can be made.

 C


Green tea contains an amino acid called L-theanine, which has been studied and compared to caffeine or alprazolam (Xanax?), for anxiety. L-theanine was found to have positive effects on anxiety under some conditions. However, more high-quality research is needed in this area.

 C


Green tea contains an amino acid called L-theanine, which has been studied and compared to caffeine or alprazolam (Xanax?), for anxiety. L-theanine was found to have positive effects on anxiety under some conditions. However, more high-quality research is needed in this area.

 C


Green tea has been found to have anti-inflammatory benefits. It has been considered for use in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. However, research in humans is lacking. More research is needed.

 C


Green tea has been found to have anti-inflammatory benefits. It has been considered for use in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. However, research in humans is lacking. More research is needed.

 C


Evidence is mixed from available research of green tea catechins for exercise performance. Further study in this field is needed.

 C


Evidence is mixed from available research of green tea catechins for exercise performance. Further study in this field is needed.

 C


Several reviews have discussed green tea for cancer prevention. Several large studies have looked for a possible link between green tea consumption and cancer incidence. Most research has focused on cancers of the digestive system (stomach, colon, rectum, pancreas, and esophagus), although the risk of breast and prostate cancer have also been studied. Early human research suggests that green tea lacks effect in treating cancer. Further study is needed before a conclusion can be made.

 C


Several reviews have discussed green tea for cancer prevention. Several large studies have looked for a possible link between green tea consumption and cancer incidence. Most research has focused on cancers of the digestive system (stomach, colon, rectum, pancreas, and esophagus), although the risk of breast and prostate cancer have also been studied. Early human research suggests that green tea lacks effect in treating cancer. Further study is needed before a conclusion can be made.

 C


Polyphenols, compounds found in green tea, have been shown to have antiviral effects. Early research suggests that specific green tea formulas may help prevent cold and flu symptoms. In children, drinking one to five cups daily has been linked to a reduced risk of developing the flu. More studies are needed to confirm these results.

 C


Polyphenols, compounds found in green tea, have been shown to have antiviral effects. Early research suggests that specific green tea formulas may help prevent cold and flu symptoms. In children, drinking one to five cups daily has been linked to a reduced risk of developing the flu. More studies are needed to confirm these results.

 C


There has been limited human research looking at the use of green tea for cavities. Early study suggests that green tea may help decrease plaque. More information is needed before conclusions can be made.

 C


There has been limited human research looking at the use of green tea for cavities. Early study suggests that green tea may help decrease plaque. More information is needed before conclusions can be made.

 C


Early research suggests that a combination product called FertilityBlend may help women become pregnant. However, there is a lack of study on the use of green tea alone for fertility. More information is needed in this area.

 C


Early research suggests that a combination product called FertilityBlend may help women become pregnant. However, there is a lack of study on the use of green tea alone for fertility. More information is needed in this area.

 C


Green tea intake may decrease signs of inflammation and infection of the tissues around the tooth. Research suggests that green tea extract as part of a combination therapy may help reduce gum bleeding. More well-designed trials are needed before a conclusion can be made.

 C


Green tea intake may decrease signs of inflammation and infection of the tissues around the tooth. Research suggests that green tea extract as part of a combination therapy may help reduce gum bleeding. More well-designed trials are needed before a conclusion can be made.

 C


Several large studies have looked for a possible link between green tea and measures of heart health. Studies have looked at cholesterol levels, blood pressure, and narrowed arteries, and have found a lack of benefit. More research is needed on the use of green tea for treating or preventing heart conditions.

 C


Several large studies have looked for a possible link between green tea and measures of heart health. Studies have looked at cholesterol levels, blood pressure, and narrowed arteries, and have found a lack of benefit. More research is needed on the use of green tea for treating or preventing heart conditions.

 C


Early study suggests that green tea may increase blood pressure in people who have high-normal or mild high blood pressure. Recent research suggests that tea in general lacks effect on blood pressure. Other studies report that drinking green tea may help reduce the likelihood of developing high blood pressure. More clinical trials are needed in this area.

 C


Early study suggests that green tea may increase blood pressure in people who have high-normal or mild high blood pressure. Recent research suggests that tea in general lacks effect on blood pressure. Other studies report that drinking green tea may help reduce the likelihood of developing high blood pressure. More clinical trials are needed in this area.

 C


Early research suggests that green tea may reduce infection severity in people who carry the HTLV-1 virus, which causes cancer of immune system cells. More high-quality research is needed in this area.

 C


Early research suggests that green tea may reduce infection severity in people who carry the HTLV-1 virus, which causes cancer of immune system cells. More high-quality research is needed in this area.

 C


Early study suggests that green tea may help reduce post-meal triglyceride levels in people who have high triglycerides. Additional research is needed in this area.

 C


Early study suggests that green tea may help reduce post-meal triglyceride levels in people who have high triglycerides. Additional research is needed in this area.

 C


Some case reports suggest that green tea products may cause liver damage and inflammation. However, another review reports that increased green tea consumption may reduce liver disease risk. Further study is needed before firm conclusions can be made.

 C


Some case reports suggest that green tea products may cause liver damage and inflammation. However, another review reports that increased green tea consumption may reduce liver disease risk. Further study is needed before firm conclusions can be made.

 C


Early research suggests that taking a green tea-containing formula may help relieve menopause symptoms such as hot flashes and problems with sleep. More studies are needed on the effects of green tea alone.

 C


Early research suggests that taking a green tea-containing formula may help relieve menopause symptoms such as hot flashes and problems with sleep. More studies are needed on the effects of green tea alone.

 C


Different types of tea contain different compounds that may help improve cognition. Caffeine may increase alertness and thought. Early non-human research looked at the effects of caffeine, tea, or coffee use on short- and long-term memory and alertness. In limited human research, benefits were lacking on mental performance, mood, and blood flow in the brain. More research is needed before conclusions may be made.

 C


Different types of tea contain different compounds that may help improve cognition. Caffeine may increase alertness and thought. Early non-human research looked at the effects of caffeine, tea, or coffee use on short- and long-term memory and alertness. In limited human research, benefits were lacking on mental performance, mood, and blood flow in the brain. More research is needed before conclusions may be made.

 C


Green tea polyphenols may benefit bone health and quality of life in women with low bone density. However, evidence for bone mass is lacking. More research is needed before a conclusion can be made.

 C


Green tea polyphenols may benefit bone health and quality of life in women with low bone density. However, evidence for bone mass is lacking. More research is needed before a conclusion can be made.

 C


Studies suggest that catechins, the main compounds in green tea, may help fight infection. Green tea consumption has been linked to a lower risk of death from pneumonia in women. More research is needed before a conclusion can be made.

 C


Studies suggest that catechins, the main compounds in green tea, may help fight infection. Green tea consumption has been linked to a lower risk of death from pneumonia in women. More research is needed before a conclusion can be made.

 C


Limited study has found mixed results to support the use of green tea for skin aging caused by sun exposure. More research is needed in this area.

 C


Limited study has found mixed results to support the use of green tea for skin aging caused by sun exposure. More research is needed in this area.

 C


Green tea catechins may help reduce oxidative stress in people who have tuberculosis. More research is needed before a conclusion can be made.

 C


Green tea catechins may help reduce oxidative stress in people who have tuberculosis. More research is needed before a conclusion can be made.

 C


Green tea was found to be less effective than CYSTUS052?, another plant extract, for symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection (infection of the nose or throat). Further research is needed in this area.

 C


Green tea was found to be less effective than CYSTUS052?, another plant extract, for symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection (infection of the nose or throat). Further research is needed in this area.

 C


Green tea was included in a review of treatments for wound odor control. However, more well-designed studies related to green tea are needed before conclusions can be made.

 C


Green tea was included in a review of treatments for wound odor control. However, more well-designed studies related to green tea are needed before conclusions can be made.

 C


Early research suggests that green tea may lack an effect on blood sugar or insulin levels in people with diabetes. In people without diabetes, blood sugar levels were higher two hours after a meal consumed with green tea, compared to a meal consumed with water. However, green tea consumption has been linked to a lower risk of diabetes in some research. More research is needed before a firm conclusion can be made.

 D


Early research suggests that green tea may lack an effect on blood sugar or insulin levels in people with diabetes. In people without diabetes, blood sugar levels were higher two hours after a meal consumed with green tea, compared to a meal consumed with water. However, green tea consumption has been linked to a lower risk of diabetes in some research. More research is needed before a firm conclusion can be made.

 D


There are mixed reports on green tea's effects on weight loss. Some research suggests a lack of effect on weight loss or maintenance of weight. Other research reports a small decrease in weight when caffeine was included with green tea. Further study is needed before firm conclusions can be made.

 D


There are mixed reports on green tea's effects on weight loss. Some research suggests a lack of effect on weight loss or maintenance of weight. Other research reports a small decrease in weight when caffeine was included with green tea. Further study is needed before firm conclusions can be made.

 D
* Key to grades

A: Strong scientific evidence for this use
B: Good scientific evidence for this use
C: Unclear scientific evidence for this use
D: Fair scientific evidence for this use (it may not work)
F: Strong scientific evidence against this use (it likley does not work)
* Key to grades

A: Strong scientific evidence for this use
B: Good scientific evidence for this use
C: Unclear scientific evidence for this use
D: Fair scientific evidence for this use (it may not work)
F: Strong scientific evidence against this use (it likley does not work)

Tradition / Theory

The below uses are based on tradition, scientific theories, or limited research. They often have not been thoroughly tested in humans, and safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider. There may be other proposed uses that are not listed below.

Dosing

Adults (18 years and older)
Three cups of green tea daily have been traditionally consumed on average. For medicinal purposes, dosages may be as high as 10 cups daily. More than 10 cups daily (at least 300 milligrams of caffeine) may increase the risk of side effects. Doses of 4.2 grams per meter squared once daily or 1 gram per meter squared three times daily (equal to 7-8 Japanese cups) has been taken by mouth for six months.
To treat allergies, Benifuuki tea drink containing 34 milligrams of O-methylated catechin has been taken by mouth daily for 1.5-3 months before pollen exposure.
To treat anxiety, 300 milligrams of Teavigo? have been taken by mouth for seven days.
To improve athletic performance, 159-572.8 milligrams of tea catechins have been taken by mouth for 3-10 weeks. A dose of 135 milligrams of Teavigo? has been taken by mouth with three meals daily for a total of seven capsules, the last capsule taken two hours before exercise testing.
To treat or prevent cancer, 200 milligrams of green tea catechins have been taken by mouth three times daily for one year. Green tea extract has been taken by mouth at doses of 250-1,000 milligrams per meter squared 2-3 times daily for 12 weeks to four months. Six cups of green tea, the equivalent of 10 cups in the form of green tea extract tablets, and 5 milligrams of decaffeinated green tea have been taken by mouth daily for 12 months. Six grams of green tea has been taken by mouth daily in six divided doses for two months. Poly E ointment with or without one 200 milligram Poly E or EGCG capsule has been used for up to 12 weeks. Doses of 200-2,000 milligrams of Polyphenon E? have been taken by mouth twice daily for up to six months. Four capsules of Polyphenon E? have been taken with food every morning for 3-6 weeks.
To treat heart conditions, two green tea extract capsules or one 379 milligram green tea extract capsule have been taken by mouth daily for three months. Four cups of green tea separated by 6-8 hours or green tea containing 75-576 milligrams of catechins have been taken by mouth daily for 8-24 weeks. Three kinds of tea have been taken by mouth with up to 580 milligrams of green tea catechins daily for two weeks.
To treat or prevent colds or flu, green tea capsules have been taken by mouth twice daily for three months. Six capsules containing 378 milligrams of catechins plus 210 milligrams of theanine have been taken by mouth daily for five months.
To treat diabetes, 456-582.8 milligrams of catechins in the form of green tea or packets of green tea extracts have been taken by mouth daily for 8-12 weeks. A green tea extract capsule has been taken by mouth daily in three doses, 30 minutes after meals, for 16 weeks.
To reduce DNA damage, four cups (960 milliliters) of green tea have been taken by mouth daily.
For the HTLV-1 virus, nine green tea extract powder capsules (equal to 10 cups of tea) have been taken by mouth daily.
To treat high cholesterol, 375-1,200 milligrams of green tea extract have been taken by mouth for three months. Doses of 150-2,500 milligrams of green tea have been taken by mouth daily for three weeks to three months. A dose of 3 grams of green tea in 500 milliliters of water has been taken by mouth daily for 90 days. Doses of 145-3,000 milligrams of green tea catechins have been taken by mouth daily for 3-24 weeks.
To treat high blood pressure, five cups of green tea have been taken by mouth daily for seven days. One 379 milligram capsule of green tea extract has been taken by mouth daily with a morning meal for three months.
To treat high triglycerides, 224 or 674 milligrams of green tea catechins have been taken by mouth with a meal.
To improve mental performance or alertness, three capsules containing 135 or 270 milligrams of catechins have been taken as a one-time dose.
For weight loss, green tea extract capsules (Exolise?, Teavigo?, Sunphenon?) have been taken by mouth in doses of 400-1,200 milligrams 2-3 times daily for 3-24 weeks, containing 141-1,207 milligrams of catechins and 27.3-237 milligrams of caffeine. Green tea extracts containing 150-583 milligrams of catechins have been taken by mouth. Green tea drinks have been taken by mouth in doses of 340-960 milliliters, containing 234-690 milligrams of catechins and 39-99 milligrams of caffeine, daily for 12 weeks to six months. Doses of 140.85-1,206.9 milligrams of green tea catechins have been taken by mouth daily as capsules or beverages for 12-13 weeks. Green tea extract powder packets containing 456 milligrams of catechins and 102 milligrams of caffeine have been taken by mouth.
To treat osteoporosis, 500 milligrams of green tea polyphenols have been taken by mouth daily for six months.
For skin aging, a 10 percent green tea cream has been applied to the skin 1-2 times daily along with 300 milligrams of green tea taken by mouth 1-2 times daily for eight weeks. One liter of a beverage or a single dose of green tea extract containing 0.5-2 grams of green tea polyphenols has been taken by mouth daily for 12 weeks. A dose of 250 milligrams of green tea polyphenols has been taken by mouth twice daily for two years. One capsule containing 250 milligrams of green tea polyphenols has been taken by mouth twice daily for two years. A gel containing 2 percent catechins has been applied twice daily for four weeks.
To manage oxidative stress in tuberculosis, 500 micrograms of catechins have been taken by mouth three days per week for four months.
To treat upper respiratory tract infection, 100 milliliters of green tea have been gargled and swallowed eight times daily on the first day, followed by four times daily for three days starting when symptoms begin.
To treat acne, 1-5 percent catechins have been applied to the skin twice daily for eight weeks.
For dental cavities, a 0.61 percent green tea extract solution has been used in the mouth for 60 seconds. One piece of green tea gum containing 1.17 percent green tea extract and 25 micrograms of fluoride has been used. A 10 milliliter green tea solution has been used as an oral rinse for five minutes.
To treat genital warts, a 10-15 percent Polyphenon E? ointment or sinecatechins ointment has been applied to the skin three times daily for up to 16 weeks. A 10-15 percent polyphenon? cream or ointment has been applied three times daily for 12-16 weeks.

Safety

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not strictly regulate herbs and supplements. There is no guarantee of strength, purity or safety of products, and effects may vary. You should always read product labels. If you have a medical condition, or are taking other drugs, herbs, or supplements, you should speak with a qualified healthcare provider before starting a new therapy. Consult a healthcare provider immediately if you experience side effects.

Interactions

Interactions with Drugs
This section focuses on possible interactions with green tea. Most drug interactions with green tea are based on theory and the side effects of caffeine. For more potential interactions based on caffeine itself, the Natural Standard monograph on caffeine is available.
Green tea may affect the risk of bleeding when taken with drugs that affect the risk of bleeding. Some examples include aspirin, anticoagulants ("blood thinners") such as warfarin (Coumadin?) or heparin, anti-platelet drugs such as clopidogrel (Plavix?), and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen (Motrin?, Advil?) or naproxen (Naprosyn?, Aleve?).
Green tea may affect blood sugar levels. Caution is advised when using medications that may also affect blood sugar. People taking drugs for diabetes by mouth or insulin should be monitored closely by a qualified healthcare professional, including a pharmacist. Medication adjustments may be necessary.
Green tea may affect blood pressure. Caution is advised in people taking drugs that affect blood pressure.
Green tea may interfere with the way the body processes certain drugs using the liver's "cytochrome P450" enzyme system. As a result, the levels of these drugs may be increased in the blood, and may cause increased effects or potentially serious adverse reactions. People using any medications should check the package insert, and speak with a qualified healthcare professional, including a pharmacist, about possible interactions.
Green tea may also interact with ACE inhibitors, acne agents, agents eliminated by the kidney, agents that affect the immune system, agents that that constrict or relax blood vessels, agents that harm the liver, agents that increase seizure risk, agents that promote urination, agents that treat blood disorders, allergy agents, Alzheimer's agents, antiandrogens, antibiotics, anticancer agents, antiestrogens, anti-inflammatories, antipsychotic agents, antivirals, anxiety agents, arthritis agents, asthma agents, athletic performance enhancers, benzodiazepines, birth control, caffeine, cholesterol-lowering agents, clozapine, COX-2 inhibitors, dental agents, doxorubicin, eye agents, fertility agents, fluoride, heart agents, heart rate-regulating agents, hormonal agents, hormone replacement therapy, iron salts, kidney agents, lung agents, musculoskeletal agents, nervous system agents, nicotine, osteoporosis agents, P-glycoprotein regulated agents, skin agents, stomach agents, sulfotransferase 1A3 (SULT1A3) substrates, tacrolimus, tamoxifen, urinary tract agents, weight loss agents, and wound healing agents.

Attribution

This information is based on a systematic review of scientific literature edited and peer-reviewed by contributors to the Natural Standard Research Collaboration (www.naturalstandard.com).

Bibliography

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