Erythroxylum coca

Coca/Drug Interactions:

  • AlcoholAlcohol: According to a review, cocaine abuse elicited arrhythmias, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure, and even sudden cardiac death, especially in young male patients, with concurrent use of tobacco and alcohol (54). According to human and animal research, cotreatment with ethanol and cocaine produced hypothermia and cardiovascular toxicity greater than that produced by either drug alone, and alcohol potentiated cocaine-induced hepatotoxicity (55; 56).
  • AnestheticsAnesthetics: According to a review (44) and rat research (102), cocaine has demonstrated anesthetic effects.
  • AnticholinergicsAnticholinergics: According to a review, the coca plant was found to contain cholinesterase inhibitors (49). In animal research, high doses of cocaine demonstrated antimuscarinic effects (50).
  • AntidiabeticsAntidiabetics: In animal and human research, the coca plant raised glucose levels (23; 24; 18; 19; 20).
  • AntihypertensivesAntihypertensives: In animal and human research, cocaine or coca leaf administration increased blood pressure (23; 51; 18; 52; 20; 22).
  • Antiobesity agentsAntiobesity agents: In animal research, cocaine and its derivatives have demonstrated weight loss effects (90; 103; 104; 105).
  • CaffeineCaffeine: In animal research, caffeine potentiated the reinforcing and discriminative effects of cocaine (106; 107; 108; 109). In human research, however, there was a lack of physiologic response to cocaine with infrequent acute caffeine administration, with the exception of augmenting blood pressure (110).
  • Calcium saltsCalcium salts: According to a dietary survey, the coca plant is a source of dietary calcium (31).
  • CannabinoidsCannabinoids: In animal research, coadministration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol counteracted cocaine's inhibitory effects on immune responses (111).
  • Cholinesterase inhibitorsCholinesterase inhibitors: According to a review, the coca plant was found to contain cholinesterase inhibitors (49). In animals, high doses of cocaine demonstrated antimuscarinic effects (50).
  • CNS stimulantsCNS stimulants: In animal research, pretreatment with amphetamine modified the effect of cocaine, and vice versa (53). Cross-reverse tolerance may develop between cocaine and amphetamine.
  • InsecticidesInsecticides: In a study using Manduca sexta larvae, cocaine demonstrated pesticide effects (112).
  • Iron saltsIron salts: In laboratory research, coca leaf tea contained an intermediate level of tannic acid (113). Tannins may inhibit the absorption of metals such as iron, zinc, and copper.
  • Neurologic agentsNeurologic agents: According to secondary sources, cocaine may cause delirium, migraines, mood swings, convulsions, seizures, acute euphoria, headache, vertigo, tremor, restlessness, hyperreflexia, chronic hallucinations, and mental deterioration. In a review, anesthetic, vasoconstrictive, sympathomimetic, psychoactive, and prothrombotic adverse effects due to cocaine intoxication were discussed, including seizures and strokes (83).
  • ProgestinsProgestins: In human research, coca-leaf chewing affected salivary progesterone assays (100). Chewing coca produced false salivary progesterone values that mimicked luteal phase values.
  • Rhabdomyolysis inducersRhabdomyolysis inducers: In a review, anesthetic, vasoconstrictive, sympathomimetic, psychoactive, and prothrombotic adverse effects due to cocaine intoxication were discussed, including rhabdomyolysis (83).
  • StimulantsStimulants: In animal research, pretreatment with stimulants modified the effect of cocaine, and vice versa (53). Cross-reverse tolerance may develop between cocaine and stimulants.

    • Coca/Herb/Supplement Interactions:

  • AlcoholAlcohol: According to a review, cocaine abuse elicited arrhythmias, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure, and even sudden cardiac death, especially in young male patients, with concurrent use of tobacco and alcohol (54). According to human and animal research, cotreatment with ethanol and cocaine produced hypothermia and cardiovascular toxicity greater than that produced by either drug alone, and alcohol potentiated cocaine-induced hepatotoxicity (55; 56).
  • AnestheticsAnesthetics: According to a review (44) and in rats (102), cocaine demonstrated anesthetic effects.
  • AnticholinergicsAnticholinergics: According to a review, the coca plant was found to contain cholinesterase inhibitors (49). In animal research, high doses of cocaine demonstrated antimuscarinic effects (50).
  • Antiobesity agentsAntiobesity agents: In animal research, cocaine and its derivatives have demonstrated weight loss effects (90; 103; 104; 105).
  • Caffeine-containing agentsCaffeine-containing agents: In animal research, caffeine potentiated the reinforcing and discriminative effects of cocaine (106; 107; 108; 109). In human research, however, there was a lack of physiologic response to cocaine with infrequent acute caffeine administration, with the exception of augmenting blood pressure (110).
  • Calcium saltsCalcium salts: Based on a dietary survey, coca is a source of dietary calcium (31).
  • CholinergicsCholinergics: According to a review, the coca plant was found to contain cholinesterase inhibitors (49). In animal research, high doses of cocaine demonstrated antimuscarinic effects (50).
  • CopperCopper: In laboratory research, coca leaf tea contained an intermediate level of tannic acid (113). Tannins may inhibit the absorption of metals such as iron, zinc, and copper.
  • Hypertensives/HypotensivesHypertensives/Hypotensives: In animal and human research, cocaine or coca leaf administration increased blood pressure (23; 51; 18; 52; 20; 22).
  • HypoglycemicsHypoglycemics: In animal and human research, coca leaves raised glucose levels (23; 24; 18; 19; 20).
  • Insect repellantsInsect repellants: In a study using Manduca sexta larvae, cocaine demonstrated pesticide effects (112).
  • IronIron: In laboratory research, coca leaf tea contained an intermediate level of tannic acid (113). Tannins may inhibit the absorption of metals such as iron, zinc, and copper.
  • MarijuanaMarijuana: In animal research, coadministration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol counteracted cocaine's inhibitory effects on immune responses (111).
  • Neurologic herbs and supplementsNeurologic herbs and supplements: According to secondary sources, cocaine may cause delirium, migraines, mood swings, convulsions, seizures, acute euphoria, headache, vertigo, tremor, restlessness, hyperreflexia, chronic hallucinations, and mental deterioration. In a review, anesthetic, vasoconstrictive, sympathomimetic, psychoactive, and prothrombotic adverse effects due to cocaine intoxication were discussed, including seizures and strokes (83).
  • PhytoprogestinsPhytoprogestins: In human research, coca-leaf chewing affected salivary progesterone assays (100). Chewing coca produced false salivary progesterone values that mimicked luteal phase values.
  • StimulantsStimulants: In animal research, pretreatment with stimulants modified the effect of cocaine, and vice versa (53). Cross-reverse-tolerance may develop between cocaine and stimulants.
  • Tannin-containing agentsTannin-containing agents: In laboratory research, coca leaf tea contained an intermediate level of tannic acid (113). Tannins may inhibit the absorption of metals such as iron, zinc, and copper.
  • TobaccoTobacco: According to a review, cocaine abuse elicited arrhythmias, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure, and even sudden cardiac death, especially in young male patients, with concurrent use of tobacco and alcohol (54).
  • ZincZinc: In laboratory research, coca leaf tea contained an intermediate level of tannic acid (113). Tannins may inhibit the absorption of metals such as iron, zinc, and copper.

    • Coca/Food Interactions:

  • AlcoholAlcohol: According to a review, cocaine abuse elicited arrhythmias, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure, and even sudden cardiac death, especially in young male patients, with concurrent use of tobacco and alcohol (54). In human and animal research, cotreatment with ethanol and cocaine produced hypothermia and cardiovascular toxicity greater than that produced by either drug alone, and alcohol potentiated cocaine-induced hepatotoxicity (55; 56).
  • CaffeineCaffeine: In animal research, caffeine potentiated the reinforcing and discriminative effects of cocaine (106; 107; 108; 109). In human research, however, there was a lack of physiologic response to cocaine with infrequent acute caffeine administration, with the exception of augmenting blood pressure (110).
  • CalciumCalcium: Based on a dietary survey, the coca plant is a source of dietary calcium (31).
  • CopperCopper: In laboratory research, coca leaf tea contained an intermediate level of tannic acid (113). Tannins may inhibit the absorption of metals such as iron, zinc, and copper.
  • IronIron: In laboratory research, coca leaf tea contained an intermediate level of tannic acid (113). Tannins may inhibit the absorption of metals such as iron, zinc, and copper.
  • Tannin-containing foodsTannin-containing foods: In laboratory research, coca leaf tea contained an intermediate level of tannic acid (113). Tannins may inhibit the absorption of metals such as iron, zinc, and copper.
  • ZincZinc: In laboratory research, coca leaf tea contained an intermediate level of tannic acid (113). Tannins may inhibit the absorption of metals such as iron, zinc, and copper.

    • Coca/Lab Interactions:

  • Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP): In human research, chewing coca leaves reduced plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) (52).
  • Blood glucoseBlood glucose: In animal and human research, coca raised glucose levels (23; 24; 18; 19; 20).
  • Blood pressureBlood pressure: In animal and human research, cocaine or coca leaf administration increased blood pressure (23; 51; 18; 52; 20; 22).
  • Blood volumeBlood volume: In human research, chewing coca leaves at rest decreased blood volume (51).
  • Cocaine drug screen (urine)Cocaine drug screen (urine): In human research, consumption of tea made from coca leaves resulted in a positive urine assay for benzoylecgonine, the diagnostic metabolite of cocaine (114; 115; 116).
  • CopperlevelsCopperlevels: In laboratory research, coca leaf tea contained an intermediate level of tannic acid (113). Tannins may inhibit the absorption of metals such as iron, zinc, and copper.
  • Electroencephalogram (EEG)Electroencephalogram (EEG): In animal research, cocaine induced long-term changes in spontaneous EEG (89).
  • Free fatty acid levelsFree fatty acid levels: In human research, coca leaf chewers had a statistically significant increase in free fatty acid levels, from 0.080 ? 0.027 before chewing coca leaves to 0.20. ? 0.039 after chewing (20).
  • Heart rateHeart rate: In animal research, cocaine induced long-term changes in heart rates (89). In further animal research, intravenous administration of nonalkaloid fractions of coca reduced heart rate (23). In humans, chewing coca leaves increased heart rate (52; 51).
  • HematocritHematocrit: In human research, chewing coca leaves at rest increased hematocrit levels (51).
  • HemoglobinHemoglobin: In human research, chewing coca leaves at rest increased hemoglobin levels (51).
  • IronlevelsIronlevels: In laboratory research, coca leaf tea contained an intermediate level of tannic acid (113). Tannins may inhibit the absorption of metals such as iron, zinc, and copper.
  • Liver function testsLiver function tests: Intraperitoneal administration of cocaine in mice decreased liver adenosine triphosphate levels and increased alanine aminotransferase activity (66).
  • NorepinephrineNorepinephrine: In human research, chewing coca leaves at rest increased plasma norepinephrine (52; 51).
  • Phytoprogestin assaysPhytoprogestin assays: In human research, coca-leaf chewing affected salivary progesterone assays (100). Chewing coca produced false salivary progesterone values that mimicked luteal phase values.
  • Plasma volumePlasma volume: In human research, coca chewing induced a significant increase in hemoconcentration by decreasing plasma volume (52; 51).
  • Respiratory rateRespiratory rate: In animal research, cocaine induced long-term changes in respiratory rates (89). In further animal research, nonalkaloid fractions of coca did not induce changes in respiratory rate and tidal or minute volumes (23).
  • Salivary progesteroneSalivary progesterone: In human research, coca chewing produced false salivary progesterone values that mimic luteal phase values (100).
  • UrinalysisUrinalysis: In human research, urine assays were positive for benzoylecgonine after ingesting coca leaf tea (117; 114; 115).
  • Zinc levelsZinc levels: In laboratory research, coca leaf tea contained an intermediate level of tannic acid (113). Tannins may inhibit the absorption of metals such as iron, zinc, and copper.