Humic acid
Fulvic acid/Drug Interactions:
Anticoagulants and antiplateletsAnticoagulants and antiplatelets: In vitro, fulvic acid, formed from the oxidation and polymerization of protocatechuic acid, resulted in shortened prothrombin time of human pool plasma (16). In laboratory research, purified and commercial humic acid inhibited activated protein C activity as well as Protac-stimulated activation of protein C dose-dependently (24). Antidementia agentsAntidementia agents: In vitro, fulvic acid interrupted the formation of the Abeta (17-42) peptide dimer and trimer, suggesting an inhibition of Abeta (17-42) peptide aggregation (25). In vitro, fulvic acid inhibited the aggregation of tau protein, inhibiting fibril length production as well as acting on preformed fibrils (26). AntihistaminesAntihistamines: In vitro, fulvic acid lacked an effect on the viability of RBL-2H3, a histamine-releasing cell (27). However, fulvic acid inhibited beta-hexosaminidase release from these cells following IgE sensitization and antigen stimulation, at the antigen-antibody binding stage and the antibody-receptor binding stage. Also, fulvic acid inhibited histamine release from stimulated KU812 cells and decreased intracellular calcium levels. Anti-inflammatory agentsAnti-inflammatory agents: In vitro, fulvic acid, at concentrations greater than 200mcg/mL, reduced the release of TNF-alpha from differentiated U937 cells (28). Antimicrobial agentsAntimicrobial agents: In vitro, oxifulvic acid (coal-derived fulvic acid using controlled wet oxidation) had antimicrobial effects against microbial pathogens, including Enterococcus faecalis and Klebsiella pneumoniae at concentrations of less than 5g/L (29). Antineoplastic agentsAntineoplastic agents: In vitro, fulvic acid had anticancer activity against MCF-7, KB, and NCI-H187 cells (6). IC50 values were in the range of 5.05-45.43mcg/mL. Antiprion agentsAntiprion agents: In vitro, fulvic acid reduced the amount of beta-sheet content in human prion protein fragment 90-231 (30). There was also an increased sensitivity to protease K, an inhibition of entering in the fibrillogenic pathway, the development of unstructured peptide aggregation, and an inhibition of human prion protein fragment 90-231 internalization in human neuroblastoma cells. Antiviral agentsAntiviral agents: According to a review, fulvic acid contains envelope virus-neutralizing compounds (31). The authors suggested that a formulation consisting of fulvic acid has been reported to render vaccinia virus, HIV, and SARS virus noninfectious. Also, they suggested that there are reports that fulvic acid has been shown to inactivate various strains of influenza, including H5N1. In vitro, fulvic acid reduced poliovirus recovery in filters from water seeded with poliovirus (32). ArsenicArsenic: In laboratory research, humic acid inhibited the effects of arsenic oxide on protein C activity (24). Beta-blockersBeta-blockers: In vitro, the beta-blockers atenolol and metoprolol were photodegraded in aqueous fulvic acid solution (33). Hormonal agentsHormonal agents: In vitro, fulvic acid had weak antiestrogenic effects compared with other humic acids (34). ImmunostimulantsImmunostimulants: In animal research, fulvic acid increased the ovalbumin antibody titer and the immune response, and increased the diameter of the B-dependent lymphoid tissue in ileum and spleen (35). Musculoskeletal agentsMusculoskeletal agents: In animal research, fulvic acid from contaminated drinking water accumulated in the skeletal system; fulvic acids were in the form of semiquinone radicals (21). Other authors have suggested that in an animal embryo model, fulvic acid disturbs the processing of procollagen II in articular cartilage (22). Thyroid hormonesThyroid hormones: In animal research, fulvic acid increased the level of plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and decreased the thyroxine (T4):triiodothyronine (T3) ratio (35). Fulvic acid/Herb/Supplement Interactions:
Anticoagulants and antiplateletsAnticoagulants and antiplatelets: In vitro, fulvic acid, formed from the oxidation and polymerization of protocatechuic acid, resulted in shortened prothrombin time of human pool plasma (16). In laboratory research, purified and commercial humic acid inhibited activated protein C activity as well as Protac-stimulated activation of protein C dose-dependently (24). Antidementia agentsAntidementia agents: In vitro, fulvic acid interrupted the formation of the Abeta (17-42) peptide dimer and trimer, suggesting an inhibition of Abeta (17-42) peptide aggregation (25). In vitro, fulvic acid inhibited the aggregation of tau protein, inhibiting fibril length production as well as acting on preformed fibrils (26). AntihistaminesAntihistamines: In vitro, fulvic acid lacked an effect on the viability of RBL-2H3(27). However, the fulvic acid inhibited beta-hexosaminidase release from these cells following IgE-sensitization and antigen-stimulation, at the antigen-antibody binding stage and the antibody-receptor binding stage. Also, fulvic acid inhibited histamine release from stimulated KU812 cells and decreased intracellular calcium levels. Anti-inflammatory agentsAnti-inflammatory agents: In vitro, fulvic acid, at concentrations greater than 200mcg/mL reduced the release of TNF-alpha from differentiated U937 cells (28). Antimicrobial agentsAntimicrobial agents: In vitro, oxifulvic acid (coal-derived fulvic acid using controlled wet oxidation) had antimicrobial effects against microbial pathogens, including Enterococcus faecalis and Klebsiella pneumoniae at concentrations of less than 5g/L (29). Antineoplastic agentsAntineoplastic agents: In vitro, fulvic acid had anticancer activity against MCF-7, KB, and NCI-H187 cells (6). IC50 values were in the range of 5.05-45.43mcg/mL. AntioxidantsAntioxidants: In vitro, aqueous fulvic acid had antioxidant effects resulting in reduced hydroxyl radical formation (36). The authors indicated, however, that at certain pH values hydroxyl radical formation increased (further details are lacking). In vitro, fulvic acids from both Kashin-Beck and non-Kashin-Beck disease regions accelerated the production of hydroxyl radical and scavenged superoxide; however, fulvic acid from peat scavenged both of these agents (37). Pro-oxidant effects of fulvic acid contaminants in water have been shown in other laboratory research (19; 20). Antiprion agentsAntiprion agents: In vitro, fulvic acid reduced the amount of beta-sheet content in human prion protein fragment 90-231 (30). There was also an increased sensitivity to protease K, an inhibition of entering in the fibrillogenic pathway, the development of unstructured peptide aggregation, and an inhibition of human prion protein fragment 90-231 internalization in human neuroblastoma cells. Antiviral agentsAntiviral agents: According to a review, fulvic acid contains envelope virus-neutralizing compounds (31). The authors suggested that a formulation consisting of fulvic acid has been reported to render vaccinia virus, HIV, and SARS virus noninfectious. Also, they suggested that there are reports that fulvic acid has been shown to inactivate various strains of influenza, including H5N1. In vitro, fulvic acid reduced poliovirus recovery in filters from water seeded with poliovirus (32). Herbal tincturesHerbal tinctures: According to secondary sources, fulvic acid magnifies the effects of herbal teas and tinctures.Hormonal agentsHormonal agents: In vitro, fulvic acid had weak antiestrogenic effects compared with other humic acids (34). ImmunomodulatorsImmunomodulators: In animal research, fulvic acid increased the ovalbumin antibody titer and the immune response, and increased the diameter of the B-dependent lymphoid tissue in ileum and spleen (35). MineralsMinerals: In vitro, manganese, copper, iron, and chromium inhibited the photodegradation of the beta-blockers atenolol and metoprolol in aqueous fulvic acid solution (33). According to secondary sources, fulvic acid magnifies the effects of mineral supplements. Musculoskeletal agentsMusculoskeletal agents: In animal research, fulvic acid from contaminated drinking water accumulated in the skeletal system; fulvic acids were in the form of semiquinone radicals (21). Other authors have suggested that in an animal embryo model, fulvic acid disturbs the processing of procollagen II in articular cartilage (22). Thyroid hormonesThyroid hormones: In animal research, fulvic acid increased the level of plasma TSH and decreased the T4:T3 ratio (35). VitaminsVitamins: According to secondary sources, fulvic acid magnifies the effects of vitamin supplements.Fulvic acid/Food Interactions:
Herbal teasHerbal teas: According to secondary sources, fulvic acid magnifies the effects of herbal teas and tinctures.Fulvic acid/Lab Interactions:
Antibody titerAntibody titer: In animal research, fulvic acid increased the ovalbumin antibody titer (35). DNADNA: In vitro, fulvic acid interfered with the detection of ancient DNA from bone (38). Protein CProtein C: In laboratory research, purified and commercial humic acid inhibited activated protein C activity as well as Protac-stimulated activation of protein C dose-dependently (24). Prothrombin timeProthrombin time: In vitro, fulvic acid, formed from the oxidation and polymerization of protocatechuic acid, resulted in shortened prothrombin time of human pool plasma (16). Thyroid hormonesThyroid hormones: In animal research, fulvic acid increased the level of plasma TSH and decreased the T4:T3 ratio (35).