Mango seed fiber
Irvingia gabonensis/Drug Interactions:
AnalgesicsAnalgesics: In mice exposed to various pain stimuli, water extracts of Irvingia gabonensis demonstrated analgesic effects against heat-induced pain, similar to that of standard morphine, whereas ethanol extracts mitigated non-heat-induced pain, similar to that of metamizole sodium (10). Additionally, the nonselective opioid antagonist naloxone was shown to inhibit the analgesic effects of the Irvingia gabonensis water extract (10). AntibioticsAntibiotics: In vitro, methanol extracts of Irvingia gabonensis and some of its polyphenoic and triterpene derivatives have been shown to inhibit the growth of various lines of both Gram-postive and Gram-negative bacteria, such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11; 15; 13). In comparison to the standard antibiotic gentamicin, Irvingia gabonensis has demonstrated a similar antibiotic activity (13). However, compared to amoxicillin, Irvingia gabonensis has demonstrated significantly greater inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (14). AntidiabeticsAntidiabetics: According to preclinical and clinical research, Irvingia gabonensis has been shown to alter the activity of various digestive and hepatic glycolytic enzymes (5; 123; 118; 116), diminish glucose absorption (123), and reduce blood glucose levels (5; 8; 122; 116; 117; 118; 6; 7). AntifungalsAntifungals: In vitro, methanol extracts of Irvingia gabonensis and some of its polyphenoic and triterpene derivatives have been shown to inhibit the growth of various strains of fungi, including Candida (11) and Aspergillus flavus (12). The antifungal effects of Irvingia gabonensis have been shown to be comparable to that of tioconazole and better than that of nystatin, both of which are standard antifunal medications (13; 12). Antihyperuricemic agents/xanthine oxidase inhibitorsAntihyperuricemic agents/xanthine oxidase inhibitors: In animals, Irvingia gabonensis has been shown to dose-dependently and time-dependently decrease levels of urea, uric acid, and total protein (21).AntilipemicsAntilipemics: According to research conducted in both animals and humans, Irvingia gabonensis has been shown to decrease total cholesterol (21; 119; 116; 117; 6), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (124; 119; 7; 116; 117), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol (119; 6; 7), plasma triglycerides (TG) (124; 6; 7), and the ratios of LDL to HDL and total cholesterol to HDL (125; 23). Irvingia gabonensis has also been shown to increase levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in both animals and humans (124; 125; 23; 6; 7). Antiobesity agentsAntiobesity agents: Accrording to in vitro and in vivo human research, IGOB131?, a marketed Irvingia gabonensis seed extract, has been shown to stimulate the expression of adiponectin and downregulate the expression of both PPAR-gamma and leptin (126). Similarily, various studies involving overweight or obese human subjects have shown that Irvingia gabonensis improves body weight, body fat, waist and hip circumference, adiponectin activity, and leptin sensitivity (116; 117; 114). In contrast, a three-week administration of 250mg/kg of Irvingia gabonensis extract was shown to increase body weight in normolipidemic guinea pigs (124). Gastrointestinal agentsGastrointestinal agents: In rats, a methanol extract of Irvingia gabonensis reduced gastrointestinal motility, protected against castor oil-induced diarrhea, and dose-dependently inhibited gastric ulceration to a seemingly greater extent than cimetidine, a standard gastric ulcer medication (19; 127). Hepatic agentsHepatic agents: In animals, Irvingia gabonensis has been shown to dose- and time-dependently decrease levels of urea, uric acid, and total protein (21); reduce the distribution of various liver phospholipids, including phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylinositol (119); and increase liver sphingomyelin content (119).Hormonal agentsHormonal agents: In male guinea pigs, an aqueous extract of Irvingia gabonensis was shown to significantly increase levels of testosterone (from 2.70 ? 0.26ng/mL to 3.30 ? 0.48ng/mL after 28 days of adminstration; p<0.05), to a similar extent as that of proviron, a standard steroid (3.00 ? 0.41ng/mL after 28 days of administration) (120).Irvingia gabonensis/Herb/Supplement Interactions:
AnalgesicsAnalgesics: In mice exposed to various pain stimuli, a water extract of Irvingia gabonensis demonstrated analgesic effects against heat-induced pain, whereas an ethanol extract mitigated non-heat-induced pain (10). AntibacterialsAntibacterials: In vitro, methanol extracts of Irvingia gabonensis and some of its polyphenoic and triterpene derivatives have been shown to inhibit the growth of various lines of both Gram-postive and Gram-negative bacteria, such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11; 15; 13). AntifungalsAntifungals: In vitro, methanol extracts of Irvingia gabonensis and some of its polyphenoic and triterpene derivatives have been shown to inhibit the growth of various strains of fungi, including Candida (11) and Aspergillus flavus (12). Antigout agentsAntigout agents: In animals, Irvingia gabonensis has been shown to dose-dependently and time-dependently decrease levels of urea, uric acid, and total protein (21).AntilipemicsAntilipemics: According to research conducted in both animals and humans, Irvingia gabonensis has been shown to decrease total cholesterol (21; 119; 116; 117; 6), LDL cholesterol (124; 119; 7; 116; 117), VLDL cholesterol (119; 6; 7), plasma TG (124; 6; 7), and the ratios of LDL to HDL and total cholesterol to HDL (125; 23). Irvingia gabonensis has also been shown to increase levels of HDL cholesterol in both animals and humans (124; 125; 23; 6; 7). Antiobesity agentsAntiobesity agents: Accrording to in vitro and in vivo human research, IGOB131?, a marketed Irvingia gabonensis seed extract, has been shown to stimulate the expression of adiponectin and downregulate the expression of both PPAR-gamma and leptin (126). Similarily, various studies involving overweight or obese human subjects have shown that Irvingia gabonensis, either alone or in combination with Cissus quadrangularis, improves body weight, body fat, waist and hip circumference, adiponectin activity, and leptin sensitivity (116; 117; 114). In contrast, a three-week administration of 250mg/kg of Irvingia gabonensis extract was shown to increase body weight in normolipidemic guinea pigs (124). AntioxidantsAntioxidants: According to cellular research, Irvingia gabonensis has demonstrated antioxidant and radical-scavenging effects (18; 16; 17). Cissus quadrangularisCissus quadrangularis: In humans, Irvingia gabonensis taken in conjunction with Cissuss quadrangularis has demonstrated additive weight loss effects (114). According to study investigators, both compounds have therefore been suggested to act synergistically with each other. Gastrointestinal agentsGastrointestinal agents: In rats, a methanol extract of Irvingia gabonensis reduced gastrointestinal motility, protected against castor oil-induced diarrhea, and dose-dependently inhibited gastric ulceration (19; 127). HepaticsHepatics: In animals, Irvingia gabonensis has been shown to dose-dependently and time-dependently decrease levels of urea, uric acid, and total protein (21); reduce the distribution of various liver phospholipids, including phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylinositol (119); and increase liver sphingomyelin content (119).Hormonal agentsHormonal agents: In male guinea pigs, an aqueous extract of Irvingia gabonensis was shown to significantly increase levels of testosterone (from 2.70 ? 0.26ng/mL to 3.30 ? 0.48ng/mL after 28 days of administration; p<0.05) (120).Hyperglycemics/hypoglycemicsHyperglycemics/hypoglycemics: According to preclinical and clinical research, Irvingia gabonensis has been shown to alter the activity of various digestive and hepatic glycolytic enzymes (5; 123; 118; 116), diminish glucose absorption (123), and reduce blood glucose levels (5; 8; 122; 116; 117; 118; 6; 7). Irvingia gabonensis/Food Interactions:
Insufficient available evidence.Irvingia gabonensis/Lab Interactions:
GlucoseGlucose: According to preclinical and clinical research, Irvingia gabonensis diminished glucose absorption (123) and reduced blood glucose levels (5; 8; 122; 116; 117; 118; 6; 7). HormonesHormones: In male guinea pigs, an aqueous extract of Irvingia gabonensis increased testosterone levels (120).LipidsLipids: According to research conducted in both animals and humans, Irvingia gabonensis decreased total cholesterol (21; 119; 116; 117), LDL cholesterol (124; 119; 6; 7; 116; 117), VLDL cholesterol (119; 6; 7), plasma TG (124; 6; 7), and the ratios of LDL to HDL and total cholesterol to HDL (125; 23). Irvingia gabonensis also increased HDL cholesterol (124; 125; 23; 6; 7). Liver enzymesLiver enzymes: According to animal and in vitro research, Irvingia gabonensis altered the activity of various digestive and hepatic glycolytic enzymes (5; 123; 118; 116). In animals, Irvingia gabonensis has been shown to dose-dependently and time-dependently decrease levels of urea, uric acid, and total protein (21); reduce the distribution of various liver phospholipids, including phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylinositol (119); and increase liver sphingomyelin content (119).