Nanosilver
Colloidal silver/Drug Interactions:
AntacidsAntacids: In vitro, silver nanoparticles exhibited a high reactivity toward hydrochloric acid (167). AntibioticsAntibiotics: In vitro, the antibacterial activities of kanamycin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria increased in the presence of silver nanoparticles (296). The antibacterial activities of penicillin G, amoxicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and vancomycin increased in the presence of silver nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coliin vitro (297). Synergistic effects were noted between the antibiotic polymyxin B and silver nanoparticles against Gram-negative bacteria in vitro (298). In vitro, silver nanoparticles exhibited synergistic activities with ceftazidime; additive effects with streptomycin, kanamycin, ampiclox, and polymyxin B; and antagonistic effects with chloramphenicol (64). Decamethoxin had a marked ability to increase the bactericidal action of a silver preparation (poviargol) 2-14 times and its disinfecting action twofold on Proteus spp., E. coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosain vitro (32). Anticoagulants and antiplateletsAnticoagulants and antiplatelets: In in vivo and in vitro studies, nanosilver exhibited antiplatelet properties in a concentration-dependent manner (174). In some in vitro studies, silver nanoparticles accelerated platelet aggregation and thrombin formation (176; 177). In other studies, silver nanoparticles inhibited fibrin polymerization and clot formation (175). In vivo, intratracheal instillation of silver nanoparticles enhanced venous thrombus formation and platelet aggregation (176). AntifungalsAntifungals: There is a large body of evidence that preparations of silver (silver nanoparticles, colloidal silver, Aquacel? Hydrofiber? Dressing containing ionic silver) exhibited antifungal effects in vitro (89; 299; 300; 93; 79). Types of fungi included Fusarium culmorum (301), Idastrandia orientalis (113), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (100), Candida albicans (302; 303; 64; 156; 55; 94; 304; 305; 51; 87; 100), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (304), and Fusarium oxysporum (151). Antifungal activity exhibited in vitro by silver nanoparticles was comparable to that of amphotericin B, but superior (IC80 level) to that of fluconazole (304). Anti-inflammatoriesAnti-inflammatories: In animals, silver nanoparticles exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effects (306; 307). In vitro, silver nanoparticles caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of inflammation marker enzymes (64). AntineoplasticsAntineoplastics: Silver nanoparticles combined with etoposide or dexamethasone significantly increased cytotoxicity toward MLO-Y4 osteocytic cells and HeLa cervical cancer cells in vitro (308). In vitro, silver nanoparticles exhibited cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects against cancerous cells lines (309; 310; 311; 312; 313; 314; 315; 316; 317). Silver nanoparticles significantly increased the survival time of mice in a Dalton's lymphoma ascites tumor model (318). AntiviralsAntivirals: In vitro, various types of silver nanoparticles exhibited antiviral effects against M13 phage virus (146), the MS2 bacteriophage (120), influenza virus H1N1 (319), murine norovirus 1 (320), herpes simplex virus (321), influenza (322), hepatitis B (323), Tacaribe virus (324), and HIV (325; 326; 327; 328). BronchodilatorsBronchodilators: In a murine model of asthma, silver nanoparticles attenuated allergic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness through antioxidant effects (19). Increased inflammatory cells, airway hyperresponsiveness; increased levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13: and increased NF-kappaB levels in lungs were significantly reduced. Copper oxideCopper oxide: In vitro, the ability of copper oxide nanoparticles to reduce or eradicate bacterial populations was enhanced in the presence of silver nanoparticles (329). Cytochrome P450-modifying agentsCytochrome P450-modifying agents: In rainbow trout, exposure to commercial silver particles for 10 days induced expression of the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP1a2 in the gills (330). In HepG2 cells, low concentrations of silver nanoparticles (<1mcg of silver/mL) attenuated the CYP450 induction responses to omeprazole and rifampicin (277). Gastrointestinal agentsGastrointestinal agents: In rats, silver nanoparticles induced discharge of mucus granules and abnormal mucus composition in intestinal goblet cells (168). HepatotoxicsHepatotoxics: In animal and in vitro studies, silver nanoparticles exhibited hepatotoxic effects (169; 170; 171). ImmunosuppressantsImmunosuppressants: In mice, oral administration of silver nanoparticles caused increases in levels of cytokines, including TGF-beta, and increased B cell distribution (179). In vitro, silver nanoparticles induced degranulation, increased interleukin levels, and an inflammatory response (180; 181; 182). IodineIodine: There is evidence that silver protein inhibits the absorption of inorganic iodine (331). Details of this study are lacking. LarvicidalsLarvicidals: Silver nanoparticles exhibited larvicidal activity against malaria and filariasis vectors in vitro (332; 333). Neurologic agentsNeurologic agents: In vitro, silver offered neuroprotective effects (334; 335). However, in other studies, including animals, silver was neurotoxic (245; 246; 336; 186). Ophthalmic agentsOphthalmic agents: Silver nitrate has been found to be toxic to the conjunctiva, potentially causing a sterile neonatal conjunctivitis, and it is no longer used (187). In vitro, silver nitrate inhibited penicillinase (beta-lactamase)-producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, indicating that 1% silver nitrate eyedrops could be used for prophylaxis of gonococcal conjunctivitis in newborns (337). Other research found that instillation of silver protein solution as an antimicrobial preparation of the eye for surgery had no significant effect on the ocular bacterial flora of the conjunctiva (338). QuinolonesQuinolones: According to secondary sources, colloidal silver may interact with quinolones.RadiationRadiation: In dogs, toxic effects caused by combined use of colloidal silver and heavily filtered ionizing radiation were found to be cumulative (339). SunscreenSunscreen: Cotton fabric impregnated with silver nanoparticles exhibited significant UV-protection capability (340). Thyroid hormonesThyroid hormones: According to secondary sources, colloidal silver may interact with thyroxine.VasodilatorsVasodilators: In isolated rat aortic rings, a low concentration of silver nanoparticles induced vasoconstriction and inhibited acetylcholine-induced, NO-mediated relaxation; a high concentration stimulated vasodilation (178). Vulnerary agentsVulnerary agents: Animal studies suggest that dressings containing silver facilitate wound healing while also preventing inflammation and, in most cases, bacterial infection (341; 342; 343; 344). In vitro evidence suggests that silver-containing dressings reduce inflammation, increase antioxidant capacity, improve blood clotting, and promote bactericidal activity (345; 346; 347). In human studies, silver-containing dressing have been found to effective in the treatment of leg ulcers and other types of wounds (348; 349; 350; 183; 351; 352; 353; 354; 201; 355; 356; 357; 358; 359; 360; 204; 361; 362; 363; 364; 365; 366; 205; 367). Colloidal silver/Herb/Supplement Interactions:
AntacidsAntacids: In vitro, silver nanoparticles exhibited a high reactivity toward hydrochloric acid (167). AntiasthmaticsAntiasthmatics: In a murine model of asthma, silver nanoparticles attenuated allergic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness through antioxidant effects (19). Increased inflammatory cells; airway hyperresponsiveness; increased levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13; and increased NF-kappaB levels in the lungs were significantly reduced. AntibacterialsAntibacterials: In vitro, the antibacterial activities of kanamycin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin increased against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in the presence of silver nanoparticles (296). The antibacterial activities of penicillin G, amoxicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and vancomycin increased in the presence of silver nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coliin vitro (297). Synergistic effects were noted between the antibiotic polymyxin B and silver nanoparticles against Gram-negative bacteria in vitro (298). In vitro, silver nanoparticles exhibited synergistic activities with ceftazidime; additive effects with streptomycin, kanamycin, ampiclox, and polymyxin B; and antagonistic effects with chloramphenicol (64). Decamethoxin had a marked ability to increase the bactericidal action of a silver preparation (poviargol) 2-14 times and its disinfecting action twofold on Proteus spp., E. coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosain vitro (32). Anticoagulants and antiplateletsAnticoagulants and antiplatelets: In in vivo and in vitro studies, nanosilver exhibited antiplatelet properties in a concentration-dependent manner (174). In some in vitro studies, silver nanoparticles accelerated platelet aggregation and thrombin formation (176; 177). In other studies, silver nanoparticles inhibited fibrin polymerization and clot formation (175). In vivo, intratracheal instillation of silver nanoparticles enhanced venous thrombus formation and platelet aggregation (176). AntifungalsAntifungals: There is a large body of evidence that preparations of silver (silver nanoparticles, colloidal silver, Aquacel? Hydrofiber? Dressing containing ionic silver) exhibit antifungal effects in vitro (89; 299; 300; 93; 79). Types of fungi include Fusarium culmorum (301), Idastrandia orientalis (113), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (100), Candida albicans (302; 303; 64; 156; 55; 94; 304; 305; 51; 87; 100), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (304), and Fusarium oxysporum (151). Antifungal activity exhibited in vitro by silver nanoparticles was comparable to that of amphotericin B, but superior (IC80) to that of fluconazole (304). Anti-inflammatoriesAnti-inflammatories: In animals, silver nanoparticles exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effects (306; 307). In vitro, silver nanoparticles caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of inflammation marker enzymes (64). AntineoplasticsAntineoplastics: Silver nanoparticles combined with etoposide or dexamethasone significantly increased cytotoxicity towards MLO-Y4 osteocytic cells and HeLa cervical cancer cells (308). In vitro, silver nanoparticles exhibited cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects against cancerous cells lines (309; 310; 311; 312; 313; 314; 315; 316; 317). Silver nanoparticles significantly increased the survival time of mice in a Dalton's lymphoma ascites tumor model (318). AntiviralsAntivirals: In vitro, various types of silver nanoparticles exhibited antiviral effects against M 13 phage virus (146), the MS2 bacteriophage (120), influenza virus H1N1 (319), murine norovirus 1 (320), herpes simplex virus (321), influenza (322), hepatitis B (323), Tacaribe virus (324), and HIV (325; 326; 327; 328). Copper oxideCopper oxide: In vitro, the ability of copper oxide nanoparticles to reduce bacterial populations to zero was enhanced in the presence of silver nanoparticles (329). Cytochrome P450-modified herbs and supplementsCytochrome P450-modified herbs and supplements: In rainbow trout, exposure to commercial silver particles for 10 days induced expression of the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP1a2 in the gills (330). In HepG2 cells, low concentrations of silver nanoparticles (<1mcg of silver/mL) attenuated the CYP450 induction responses to omeprazole and rifampicin (277). Gastrointestinal agentsGastrointestinal agents: In rats, silver nanoparticles induced discharge of mucus granules and abnormal mucus composition in intestinal goblet cells (168). HepatotoxinsHepatotoxins: In animal and in vitro studies, silver nanoparticles exhibited hepatotoxic effects (169; 170; 171). ImmunosuppressantsImmunosuppressants: In mice, oral administration of silver nanoparticles caused increases in levels of cytokines, including TGF-beta, and increased B cell distribution (179). In vitro, silver nanoparticles induced degranulation, increased interleukin levels, and an inflammatory response (180; 181; 182). IodineIodine: There is evidence that silver protein inhibits the absorption of inorganic iodine (331). Details of this study are lacking. LarvicidalsLarvicidals: Silver nanoparticles exhibited larvicidal activity against malaria and filariasis vectors in vitro (332; 333). Neurologic agentsNeurologic agents: In vitro, silver offered neuroprotective effects (334; 335). However, in other studies, including in animals, silver was neurotoxic (245; 246; 336; 186). Ophthalmic agentsOphthalmic agents: Silver nitrate has been found to be toxic to the conjunctiva, potentially causing sterile neonatal conjunctivitis, and it is no longer used (187). In vitro, silver nitrate inhibited penicillinase (beta-lactamase)-producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, indicating that 1% silver nitrate eyedrops could be used for prophylaxis of gonococcal conjunctivitis in newborns (337). Other research found that instillation of silver protein solution as an antimicrobial preparation of the eye for surgery had no significant effect on the ocular bacterial flora of the conjunctiva (338). ProbioticsProbiotics: Silver-containing products exhibited antibacterial properties, inhibiting a wide variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (368; 113; 146; 56; 73; 98). In quail, hydrocolloidal silver nanoparticles did not influence microflora of Japanese quail cecum but did significantly increase the population of lactic acid bacteria (369). SunscreenSunscreen: Cotton fabric impregnated with silver nanoparticles exhibited significant UV-protection capability (340). Thyroid agentsThyroid agents: According to secondary sources, colloidal silver may interact with thyroxine.VasodilatorsVasodilators: In isolated rat aortic rings, a low concentration of silver nanoparticles induced vasoconstriction and inhibited acetylcholine-induced, NO-mediated relaxation; a high concentration stimulated vasodilation (178). Vulnerary agentsVulnerary agents: Animal studies suggest that dressings containing silver facilitate wound healing while also preventing inflammation and, in most cases, bacterial infection (341; 342; 343; 344). In vitro evidence suggests that silver-containing dressings reduce inflammation, increase antioxidant capacity, improve blood clotting, and promote bactericidal activity (345; 346; 347). In human studies, silver-containing dressing have been found to effective in the treatment of leg ulcers and other types of wounds (348; 349; 350; 183; 351; 352; 353; 354; 201; 355; 356; 357; 358; 359; 360; 204; 361; 362; 363; 364; 365; 366; 205; 367). Colloidal silver/Food Interactions:
Insufficient available evidence.Colloidal silver/Lab Interactions:
Blood panelBlood panel: In mice, oral administration of silver nanoparticles caused alteration in B cell distribution (179). According to a review, there is evidence that colloidal silver boosts the production of white and red blood cells (370).Blood pressureBlood pressure: In isolated rat aortic rings, a low concentration of silver nanoparticles induced vasoconstriction and inhibited acetylcholine-induced, NO-mediated relaxation; a high concentration stimulated vasodilation (178). Clotting timeClotting time: In in vivo and in vitro studies, nanosilver exhibited antiplatelet properties in a concentration-dependent manner (174). In some in vitro studies, silver nanoparticles accelerated platelet aggregation and thrombin formation (176; 177); in other studies, silver nanoparticles inhibited fibrin polymerization and clot formation (175). In vivo, intratracheal instillation of silver nanoparticles enhanced venous thrombus formation and platelet aggregation (176). CytokinesCytokines: In mice, oral administration of silver nanoparticles caused increases in levels of TGF-beta (179). Cytokines including IL-1, IL-6, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, and TGF-beta were also increased in a dose-dependent manner by repeated oral administration. In cultured human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs), silver nanoparticles accumulated in cytoplasmic vacuoles and caused a significant increase in IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha concentrations (181). In alveolar macrophages, silver nanoparticles caused a significant inflammatory response; tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), macrophage inhibitory protein-2 (MIP-2), and IL-1beta were released, with no detectable IL-6 (182). ImmunoglobulinsImmunoglobulins: In mice, oral administration of silver nanoparticles increased IgE production (179).Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Laboratory research determined that Aquacel? Ag, an ionic silver-containing wound dressing, is magnetic resonance-safe and may be left in place during MRI (371).