Pinolenic acid

Korean pine/Drug Interactions:

  • AntibioticsAntibiotics: Pinus koraiensis essential oil exhibited antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi (51). Koraiol is a sesquiterpene alcohol found in the oleoresin of Pinus koraiensis (52). It is structurally related to collybial, an antibiotic compound isolated from the Collybia confluens mushroom, which inhibited the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and exhibited cytotoxic effects at higher concentrations (about 100mcM) (22); however, the antibiotic effects of koraiol are not entirely clear.
  • Anticoagulants and antiplateletsAnticoagulants and antiplatelets: In animal research, pinolenic acid increased prostacyclin production and reduced platelet aggregation to a greater degree than linoleic acid (39). In animal research, compared to alpha-linolenic acid, pinolenic acid reduced ADP-induced platelet aggregation and aortic prostacyclin production (39).
  • AntifungalsAntifungals: Pinus koraiensis essential oil exhibited antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi (51); antifungal effects were most prominent (particularly against Candida glabrata and Cryptococcus neoformans) in agar disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays (53).
  • AntihypertensivesAntihypertensives: In spontaneously hypertensive rats fed high-fat diets (100g of fat per kg), pinolenic acid attenuated the elevation of blood pressure after five weeks of feeding (39).
  • Antilipemic agentsAntilipemic agents: In animal and in vitro research, pinolenic acid enhanced LDL uptake (16) and reduced levels of cholesterol (39). In rats, Pinus koraiensis seed oil decreased serum triglycerides and VLDL triglycerides, not statistically significantly, and increased levels of HDL cholesterol (40).
  • Antineoplastic agentsAntineoplastic agents: Procyanidins from Pinus koraiensis bark extract (PKBPE) have been shown to exert antitumor effects in U14 cervical carcinoma mice, likely associated with free radical production inhibition and regulation of the expression of Ki-67, mutant p53, and Bcl-2 protein (12).
  • Antiobesity agentsAntiobesity agents: In human research, PinnoThinT (Korean pine nut oil product) was found to suppress appetite by increasing satiety hormones cholecystokinin (CCK-8) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), thereby reducing prospective food intake (19; 20; 18). In vitro, Korean pine nut free fatty acids decreased CCK-8 secretion (19; 20).
  • Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analoguesGlucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues: In human research, PinnoThinT (Korean pine nut oil product) was found to suppress appetite by increasing satiety hormones cholecystokinin (CCK-8) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) (19; 20; 18).

    • Korean pine/Herb/Supplement Interactions:

  • AntibacterialsAntibacterials: Pinus koraiensis essential oil exhibited antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi (51). Koraiol is a sesquiterpene alcohol found in the oleoresin of Pinus koraiensis (52). It is structurally related to collybial, an antibiotic compound isolated from the Collybia confluens mushroom, which inhibited the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and exhibited cytotoxic effects at higher concentrations (about 100mcM) (22); however, the antibiotic effects of koraiol are not entirely clear.
  • Anticoagulants and antiplateletsAnticoagulants and antiplatelets: In animal research, pinolenic acid increased prostacyclin production and reduced platelet aggregation to a greater degree than linoleic acid (39). In animal research, compared to alpha-linolenic acid, pinolenic acid reduced ADP-induced platelet aggregation and aortic prostacyclin production (39).
  • AntifungalsAntifungals: Pinus koraiensis essential oil exhibited antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi (51); antifungal effects were most prominent (particularly against Candida glabrata and Cryptococcus neoformans) in agar disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays (53).
  • AntilipemicsAntilipemics: In animal and in vitro research, pinolenic acid enhanced LDL uptake (16) and reduced levels of cholesterol (39). In rats, Pinus koraiensis seed oil decreased serum triglycerides and VLDL triglycerides, not statistically significantly, and increased levels of HDL cholesterol (40).
  • AntineoplasticsAntineoplastics: Procyanidins from Pinus koraiensis bark extract (PKBPE) have been shown to exert antitumor effects in U14 cervical carcinoma mice, likely associated with free radical production inhibition and regulation of the expression of Ki-67, mutant p53, and Bcl-2 protein (12).
  • Antiobesity herbs and supplementsAntiobesity herbs and supplements: In human research, PinnoThinT (Korean pine nut oil product) was found to suppress appetite by increasing satiety hormones cholecystokinin (CCK-8) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), thereby reducing prospective food intake (19; 20; 18). In vitro, Korean pine nut free fatty acids decreased CCK-8 secretion (19; 20).
  • HypotensivesHypotensives: In spontaneously hypertensive rats fed high-fat diets (100g of fat per kg), pinolenic acid attenuated the elevation of blood pressure after five weeks of feeding (39).

    • Korean pine/Food Interactions:

  • Insufficient available evidence.

    • Korean pine/Lab Interactions:

  • Blood pressureBlood pressure: In spontaneously hypertensive rats fed high-fat diets (100g of fat per kg), pinolenic acid attenuated the elevation of blood pressure after five weeks of feeding (39).
  • LipidsLipids: In animal and in vitro research, pinolenic acid enhanced LDL uptake (16) and reduced levels of cholesterol (39). In rats, Pinus koraiensis seed oil decreased serum triglycerides and VLDL triglycerides, not statistically significantly, and increased levels of HDL cholesterol (40).
  • Platelet aggregationPlatelet aggregation: In animal research, pinolenic acid increased prostacyclin production and reduced platelet aggregation to a greater degree than linoleic acid (39). In animal research, compared to alpha-linolenic acid, pinolenic acid reduced ADP-induced platelet aggregation and aortic prostacyclin production (39).
  • Satiety hormonesSatiety hormones: In human study, PinnoThinT (Korean pine nut oil product) was found to suppress appetite by increasing satiety hormones cholecystokinin (CCK-8) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), thereby reducing prospective food intake (19; 20; 18). In vitro, Korean pine nut free fatty acids decreased CCK-8 secretion (19; 20).