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L-glutamine
Glutamine/Nutrient depletion:
Amino acids
Amino acids: In human research, glutamine supplementation altered levels of other amino acids, including a decrease in glycine, proline, and arginine (
179
) or an increase in glycine, arginine, alanine, or ornithine (
180
;
51
;
181
). In human and animal research, glutamine supplementation increased plasma taurine (
182
). In human research, nonessential amino acids did not appear to increase following glutamine supplementation (
183
). Other studies showed no effect on amino acids in general (
184
). Fish determined that glutamine-enriched tube feeding and TPN can result in similar profiles for most plasma amino acids at carefully matched doses (
185
).
Anesthetics
Anesthetics: General anesthesia resulted in a decrease in muscle glutamine in human research (
125
).
Carbohydrate
Carbohydrate: During exercise, a low carbohydrate diet resulted in decreased plasma glutamine in untrained men (
176
).
Glucose
Glucose: Glutamine increased insulin-mediated glucose disposal in trauma patients (
68
) and altered glucose homeostasis during and after exercise (
187
). In animal research, glutamine induced insulin resistance in adipose tissue, improving insulin signaling in liver and muscle (
188
). Also, increased glutamine availability blunted the effect of insulin action on glucose production and enhanced insulin-mediated glucose utilization (
189
).
Glutamine
Glutamine: In human research, glutamine supplementation resulted in increases in glutamine in some (
2
;
95
;
5
;
71
;
179
;
3
;
72
;
105
;
36
;
190
;
51
;
181
;
107
) but not all (
19
;
59
;
39
;
191
) studies. In human research, gut mucosal and muscle glutamine also increased with supplementation (
192
;
193
). In animal research, glutamine increased muscle and plasma glutamine, but not tumor levels of glutamine (
129
).
Low-carbohydrate diet
Low-carbohydrate diet: During exercise, a low-carbohydrate diet resulted in decreased plasma glutamine in untrained men (
176
).